wiki笔记--Red nucleus--2021/11/18
Red nucleus
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Not to be confused with Red blood cell § Nucleus.
Red nucleus
"Normal Red Blood Cell" by gedrose
Transverse section through the midbrainshowing the location of the red nuclei. The superior colliculi are at the top of image and the cerebral peduncles at the bottom of image – both in section.
Details
Part of
Midbrain
Identifiers
Latin
nucleus ruber
MeSH
D012012
NeuroNames
505
NeuroLex ID
birnlex_1478
TA98
A14.1.06.323
TA2
5898
FMA
62407
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The red nucleus or nucleus ruber is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination.[1] The red nucleus is pale pink, which is believed to be due to the presence of iron in at least two different forms: hemoglobin and ferritin.[2][3] The structure is located in the tegmentum of the midbrain next to the substantia nigra and comprises caudal magnocellular and rostral parvocellular components.[1] The red nucleus and substantia nigra are subcortical centers of the extrapyramidal motor system.
Contents
· 1Function
· 2Input and output
· 3See also
· 4Additional images
· 5References
· 6External links
Function[edit]
In a vertebrate without a significant corticospinal tract, gait is mainly controlled by the red nucleus.[4] However, in primates, where the corticospinal tract is dominant, the rubrospinal tract may be regarded as vestigial in motor function. Therefore, the red nucleus is less important in primates than in many other mammals.[1][5] Nevertheless, the crawling of babies is controlled by the red nucleus, as is arm swinging in typical walking.[6] The red nucleus may play an additional role in controlling muscles of the shoulder and upper arm via projections of its magnocellular part.[7][8] In humans, the red nucleus also has limited control over hands, as the rubrospinal tract is more involved in large muscle movement such as that for the arms (but not for the legs, as the tract terminates in the superior thoracic region of the spinal cord). Fine control of the fingers is not modified by the functioning of the red nucleus but relies on the corticospinal tract.[9] The majority of red nucleus axons do not project to the spinal cord but, via its parvocellular part, relay information from the motor cortex to the cerebellum through the inferior olivary complex, an important relay center in the medulla.[1]
Input and output[edit]
The red nucleus receives many inputs from the cerebellum (interposed nucleus and the lateral cerebellar nucleus) of the opposite side and an input from the motor cortex of the same side.[10]
（这里暗含了左右协调的运动，尤其是上肢的大肌肉，是由red nucleus来完成的。）
The red nucleus has two sets of efferents:[10]
· In humans, the majority of the output goes to the bundle of fibers continues through the medial tegmental field toward the inferior olive of the same side, to form part of a pathway that ultimately influence the cerebellum.
· The other output (the rubrospinal projection) goes to the rhombencephalic reticular formation and spinal cord of the opposite side, making up the rubrospinal tract, which runs ventral to the lateral corticospinal tract. As stated earlier, the rubrospinal tract is more important in non-primate species: in primates, because of the well-developed cerebral cortex, the corticospinal tract has taken over the role of the rubrospinal.
(应该是因为primates生活在树上，适应于地面的左右交叉协调动作需求少，而通过手指进行精确采摘的行为需求多，而其他哺乳动物要在地面奔跑，左右交叉协调运动多一些，所以各有所长。对于直立行走的人类，又捡起了左右交叉协调运动进行平地行走，所以对于人而言rubrospinal tract又重要起来了，顺拐行走就是红核控制的节律运动行为弱的结果，跳舞应该是红核控制的节律运动行为。2021/11/17：现在想想好像不对，跳舞应该更多地要用到basal ganglia中的节律性运动，通过肢体运动表达那种欢快或悲伤的情绪，而只有需要左右协调的运动是由red nucleus来完成的。)
