异形新定Langxie属的论文前半部主体翻译
翻译起因：在微信群里一位朋友发出了此文中的一系列图，问谁能搞来。乍一看我以为是Lychas scutilus，这是我从外形上最喜欢的蝎子之一，国内外多方求购无果。刚要回复“太难搞了”，忽然发现图片标题名字不对。原来是异形命名的新种。出于对Lychas scutilus形态类似蝎子的喜好，花了两晚翻译了这篇论文的前半部分主体内容。由于学科跨度太大，许多翻译必定存在问题，恳请共同学习的朋友们批评指正。
注：雅思八分大佬的行文水平，确实望尘莫及，值得学习
原文链接：https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2023/iss370/1/
A new monotypic genus and species from China, Langxie feti gen. et sp. n.
来自中国的一种新的单种属——Langxie feti gen. et sp. n.
作者：Victoria Tang, Qingquan Jia & Leonhard Liu
Summary
A new monotypic genus, Langxie gen. n., is described from Xizang (Tibet), China. The new genus shares an important morphological character with Afrolychas Kovařík, 2019: absence of external accessory denticles (EADs) along the sixth row of median denticles (MDs) on the pedipalp movable finger. Langxie gen. n. is different from Afrolychas in the following aspects: loss of EAD near the proximally enlarged MD within each row (i. e., loss of all EAD on the movable finger; this also distinguishes the new genus from other related genera in the “(Ananteris + Isometrus)” clade (Štundlová et al., 2022)), subaculear tubercle armed with or without a secondary tubercle dorsally, immaculate color pattern, more slender appendages and metasoma, and less sexually dimorphic pectines. Langxie gen. n. further differs from another geographically close genus, Himalayotityobuthus Lourenço, 1997, by the presence of highly developed pectinal fulcra (vs. absent in Himalayotityobuthus), six rows of MDs on the pedipalp movable finger (vs. 7–8 in Himalayotityobuthus) and five pairs of lateral ocelli (vs. 3 in Himalayotityobuthus). The new species, Langxie feti sp. n., is small and slender, exhibiting no obvious sexual dimorphism in pedipalp and metasoma, but the sexes are visibly different in the relative size of median ocelli and coarseness of carapacial granulation. Lattice microstructures are prominently developed on its cuticle.
概述
描述了一个在中国西藏的新单种属——Langxie属。该新属与Afrolychas (Kovařík, 2019) 属（非洲信使蝎属）共同具有重要的形态特征：沿着须肢（译注：就是蝎子的钳子）可动指上的第六排正中齿（MDs）没有外部附属齿（EAD）。
与Afrolychas属相比， Langxie属在以下方面不同：①每排近端膨大的正中齿都没有附属齿（即：动指上所有外部附属齿丢失。这也将该新属和“Ananteris + Isometrus”(Štundlová et al., 2022)分支中的其它相关属区分开来）；②毒囊背侧的副刺瘤可能有也可能没有（译注：直译为“毒针下方的结节”，异形译作“副刺瘤”，就是两个毒针较小的那个），完美无瑕的色型，更修长的附肢和后体，栉状器的性二形性更不明显。
Langxie属和另一种地理分布接近的Himalayotityobuthus属 (Lourenço, 1997)更加不同：①Langxie属有非常发达的支骨而H属没有；②Langxie属须肢动指上有6排正中指而H属为7-8排；③Langxie属有5对侧单眼而H属有3对。
新的种Langxie feti小而纤瘦，须肢和后体没有表现出明显的性二形性。但是公母的中间一对主眼（译注：就是长在头顶最大的一对眼睛）和甲壳的粗糙度明显不同。晶格的微观结构在其角质层上组建的十分明显。
Introduction
Xizang (or the Tibet Autonomous Region) has the most diverse scorpiofauna in China (30 species) (Tang, 2022d; Lv & Di, 2022), followed by Yunnan and Xinjiang Provinces. Six genera of five families have been recorded in this area: Hottentotta Birula, 1908 (Buthidae; 1 sp.), Reddyanus Vachon, 1972 (Buthidae; 1 sp.), Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Chaerilidae; 8 spp.), Scorpiops Peters, 1861 (Scorpiopidae; 18 spp.), Tibetiomachus Lourenço & Qi, 2006 nomen dubium (see Kovařík, 2009: 27) (Hormuridae; 1 sp.), and Deccanometrus Prendini & Loria, 2020 (Scorpionidae; 1 sp.), all distributed in the south range along the national border. In this study, the seventh genus is described from Xizang (and the 14th genus for China), Langxie gen. n., represented by a distinctive new species, L. feti sp. n. Within the Chinese scorpion fauna, the new species also represents the 13th species of Buthidae, and the 22nd species of parvorder Buthida (Tang, 2022b), if one were to ignore an isolated record of L. scutilus C. L. Koch, 1845 that was never confirmed again.
引言
西藏（或称西藏自治区）拥有中国最多样化的蝎类动物群（30种）（Tang，2022；Lv&Di，2022），其次是云南省和新疆省。该地区记录了5个科的6个属：Hottentotta （霍屯督蝎属）（Birula, 1908） (Buthidae; 1 sp.), Reddyanus（雷氏蝎属） （Vachon, 1972）(Buthidae; 1 sp.), Chaerilus（寇里蝎属）（Simon, 1877） (Chaerilidae; 8 spp.), Scorpiops（类蝎属）（Peters, 1861） (Scorpiopidae; 18 spp.), Tibetiomachus（藏毒勇蝎属）（Lourenço & Qi, 2006 nomen dubium（无效种） (see Kovařík, 2009: 27) (Hormuridae; 1 sp.), 和Deccanometrus（德干异距蝎属） (Prendini & Loria, 2020) (Scorpionidae; 1 sp.)全部分布在沿国界的南部山脉。在这项研究中，第7属被描述为西藏（也是中国的第14属），Langxie属由一个独特的新物种L. feti代表。 在中国蝎子动物种群中，新物种也代表了Buthidae科的第 13 种和Parvorder Buthida（Tang，2022b）（杀牛蝎小目）的第 22 种，如果忽略 L. scutilus （C. L. Koch, 1845）的孤立记录，再也没有得到证实。
Kovařík (2019) conducted a taxonomic reassessment of the genus Lychas C. L. Koch, 1845 and established three new genera (Afrolychas, Janalychas, Spelaeolychas) based on the length of tibial spur on legs III and IV; the presence/absence of external accessory denticles on the pedipalp movable finger along the sixth row of denticles; the density of ventral setation of tarsomeres II of the legs; and the morphosculpture of the telson (presence or absence of granulation and lateral furrow). The validity of Janalychas was subsequently supported by a molecular analysis by Štundlová et al. (2022). The genus Lychas currently comprises 33 species, known mostly from the south and southeast Asia, Africa, Australia, and Oceania (Kovařík, 2019; Ythier & Lourenço, 2022; Kovařík, 2023). However, a more detailed revision is yet to be published and some dubious species could be transferred to other genera (e. g., some species from Africa, Australia, and Oceania currently placed in this genus). According to Kovařík (2019), the genus Afrolychas shares three characters with the genus Lychas: (1) tibial spurs reduced to moderate on leg III and leg IV; (2) ventral surfaces of tarsomeres II of legs densely equipped with two rows of setae; (3) telson smooth or granulated with the furrow absent or only indicated. One character differentiates the two genera: in Afrolychas, the external accessory denticle (EAD) is absent along the sixth row of median denticles (MDs) of the pedipalp movable finger; however, in Lychas, this row is flanked by 1–4 EADs. The absence of these EADs is also a character of Janalychas, which differs from the previous two genera in: (1) tibial spurs elongated, and (2) telson in male laterally strongly bumpy with a developed longitudinal furrow (not verified for J. albimanus (Henderson, 1919)). The monotypic genus, Spelaeolychas, is from Malaysia and differs from Lychas in the ventral surfaces of tarsomeres II (with only 5–7 spiniform setae in two rows vs. densely equipped with two rows of setae).
Kovařík于2019年对Lychas属(C. L. Koch, 2019)进行了分类学重新评估，建立了三个新属：Afrolychas（非洲信使蝎属）, Janalychas（雅氏信使蝎属）（译者注：也就是俗名印度狼蝎的三棱雅娜信使蝎所在的属）, Spelaeolychas（穴信使蝎属）。建立的根据是：①Ⅲ号和Ⅳ号腿的胫骨刺长度；②动指第六齿处有没有外部附属齿；③步足的Ⅱ级跗分节上刚毛的密度；④毒刺的形态结构（是否有凸起和侧沟）。Janalychas属存在的有效性在随后的2022年得到了Štundlová等人分子类型分析的支持。Lychas属目前包括33种，主要来自南亚和东南亚，非洲，澳大利亚和大洋洲( Kovařík，2019; Ythier 和 Lourenço,2022; Kovařík, 2023）。然而，更详细的修订尚未公布，一些可疑物种可以转移到其他属（例如，目前将非洲，澳大利亚和大洋洲的一些物种归入该属）。根据Kovařík在2019年的说法，Afrolychas属与Lychas属共有三个特征：①胫骨刺在Ⅲ号和Ⅳ号腿减少至很温和的程度；②步足的Ⅱ级跗分节上刚毛密布；③毒刺光滑或有颗粒，但没有沟壑无或仅是表现有（译注：这里indicate水平有限不是很理解，理解成沟壑较浅，只是说有，浅浅意思一下，不当请指正）。这两个属有一个特征来区分：Afrolychas属须肢可动指上的第六排正中齿没有，而Lychas属该位置两个有1-4个外部附属齿。这些外部附属齿的缺失也是Janalychas属的一个特征，它与前两个属的不同之处在于：①胫骨刺细长；②雄性毒刺侧向有发达的纵向沟壑；来自马来西亚的单型属Spelaeolychas（穴信使蝎属）与Lychas属的步足Ⅱ级跗分节腹面不同（前者两排刚毛只有5-7根，后者两排密布）。
（译注：对于这四个属的比较这么大一段不知道读者读的怎么样，水平抠脚的我头是有点大了……词汇很高级的同时四种特点每属都进行了不同角度说明，Lychas毛多还说了两次。文字虽多，其实逻辑可以理出来。为便于理解我总结了个表，权当做阅读理解……）
Previously, the two most widespread species of Lychas, L. mucronatus (Fabricius, 1798) and L. scutilus, have been recorded in China and considered as the only two species of this genus in this country (Tang, 2020b). The former species is abundantly found in the provinces of Yunnan and Hainan, as well as in some parts of Guangxi, Guangzhou and Fujian Provinces (Tang, 2022b; probably in Taiwan as well, based on recent local observations); however, it is important to reiterate that the latter was only recorded in Shanghai once, based on a single female specimen collected in 1878 and was subsequently assumed to be extinct (Fet et al., 2000; Kovařík & Whitman, 2005). In the present study, a new species that has been so far found only in China is described based on recently collected specimens from the southeastern region of Xizang. The new species is associated with some species of the “(Ananteris + Isometrus)” clade (Štundlová et al., 2022) in terms of its general morphological characters; Tang (2022b) mentioned this species based on several photographs and considered it to be the only endemic Lychas species of China (based on the presence of tibial spurs). However, after examination of the specimens, the new species keyed out as Afrolychas under the criteria of combinations of the four binary morphological characters defined by Kovařík (2019): no EADs were found along the sixth row of MDs of pedipalp movable finger. The geographic distribution and other characters suggest a new genus is required to accommodate this species, described here as Langxie gen. n. The validity of this new genus is also supported by a DNA analysis (in progress).
之前，中国记录了Lychas属两种分布最广的种：L. mucronatus（Fabricius，1798）和L. scutilus，被认为是我国仅有的两个物种（Tang, 2020）。前一种在云南、海南、广西、广州和福建省的一些地区大量发现（Tang，2022b；根据最近的当地观察，可能也在台湾省有分布）。然而，重要的是要重申，后一种仅在上海记录过一次，基于1878年收集的单个雌性样本，随后被认为已经灭绝（Fet 等， 2000; Kovařík & Whitman，2005）。就其一般形态特征而言，新物种与“（Ananteris + Isometrus）”分支（Štundlová等，2022）的某些物种有关。基于几张照片，异形在2022年提到了这个物种，并认为这是中国唯一Lychas属下的物种（基于胫骨刺的存在）。然而，在对标本进行检查后，根据四种二元形态特征的组合标准（译注：即上段的四条标准），新物种被归为Afrolychas属：（因为）在动指第六齿处没有外部附属齿。地理分布和其他特征表明，需要一个新的属来容纳这个物种，这里描述为Langxie属，这个新属的有效性也得到了DNA分析（正在进行中）的支持。
Langxie feti gen. et sp. n. was initially recorded from Gula Township and Chawalong Township, Chayu County, Linzhi Prefecture, Xizang, in August of 2019, by a group of college students during their expedition. However, those specimens were poorly preserved after a lengthy delay due to the dispute between the college students and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (the latter requested the former to donate the specimens free of charge for their publication; the students rejected, but even their own college would not provide the needed funds).
最初，Langxie属是在2019年8月于西藏林芝州茶峪县古拉乡、查瓦龙乡被一群大学生在考察中记录。然而，由于大学生与中国科学院的争执，这些标本在长时间的拖延后保存得很差（后者要求前者免费捐赠标本以出版，学生拒绝了，但即使是他们自己的大学也不会提供所需的资金）。
Methods, Material & Abbreviations
（拍照）方法、（对照）材料和缩写
Morphology. Nomenclature and measurements mostly follow Stahnke (1971), Kovařík (2009), and Kovařík & Ojanguren Affilastro (2013), except for trichobothriotaxy (Vachon, 1974), sternum (Soleglad & Fet, 2003) and pedipalp patellar and femur carinae (Prendini et al., 2021). The detailed description of the new genus and species was based only on the holotype and allotypic paratype. However, in the differential diagnosis, the pectinal tooth count was based on all the type specimens studied (same with the coloration description) unless the structure was compromised; some pectinal teeth were lost or hidden and the count of those type specimens was inferred from the normal tooth size. The total length of the new genus and species is an approximated range of the minimal and maximal value (applying the retention method of “rounding”) after roughly measuring the smallest and largest (visually determined) adults. For the measurement of the holotype and paratype, shrinkage due to dehydration prevented the posttergites and/or pretergites from being fully visible, and the measurement was directly applied upon the specimens along the central axis. Not until four months after the collection of the specimens by the second author (collector) did the first author (who examined the type specimens and wrote this paper) receive them (see Acknowledgements). Most of the specimens died during this period and as the second author had no previous experience in preserving scorpion specimens, the condition of the specimens was poor and most of them were nearly broken as the first author received them; more than half of the originally collected specimens were no longer useful and therefore were not sent to the first author. For the remaining six living specimens, the first author did not euthanatize or examine them (thus they will not be included in the type materials examined).
形态学
命名法和测量法主要遵循Stahnke (1971)、 Kovařík (2009)和Kovařík & Ojanguren Affilastro (2013)，除了trichobothriotaxy（听毛（译注：足部的毛形感受器）） (Vachon, 1974), sternum（胸板） (Soleglad & Fet, 2003) and pedipalp patellar（须肢髌节）和femur carinae（髀骨隆线） (Prendini et al., 2021)。对新属和种的详细描述仅基于正模标本和异型副模标本。但是在定种时，除非结构受损——一些栉齿损坏或隐藏，栉齿数（和自然花纹的描述）是基于所研究的所有原始样本。而这些模式标本的栉齿数是从正常尺寸的栉齿推断出来的。在粗略的测量（目视确定）成体全长的最大值和最小值后，通过四舍五入，得到了新属（种）全长的最大/最小值范围。对正模标本和副模标本的测量而言，由于脱水引起的收缩使得后部或前部背甲不能完全可见，并且标本是沿中轴直接被测量的。直到二作（采集者）采集样本四个月后，一作（检查模式样本并撰写本文）才收到标本（见致谢）。此间样本死亡了大多数，并且由于二作此前没有保存蝎子标本的经验，一作收到标本时，标本的状况很差，大多数标本近乎损毁。最初采集的样本中半数以上都不能用了，因此没有发给一作。对于其余六个活体样本，一作没有对它们实施安乐死或是检查（因此它们将不包含在所检查的标准样中）。
Photography. Photos of the specimens were taken by applying a different method from that of the previous papers by the first author. Previously, all the photos of detailed structures were taken by a microscope with a small camera attached to it, and photos at different focus distances were obtained by manual adjustments. In this study, a new setup was applied in order to obtain a higher resolution for minute details. This setup included two vertical stands, both mounted to a horizontal plane base, each carrying a camera (lens facing the base; Canon 5DsR, paired with Sigma or Laowa macro lens depending on the size of the target, and Kenko extension tube, if necessary) and a focus stacking rail (parallel to the stand; purchased from MJKZZ.de), respectively. A platform holding a board that carried the specimen was mounted perpendicularly to the rail. The rail carried the platform to move upwards and downwards at desired distances, and the camera took photos automatically after setting up the parameters in the MJKZZ 3 axes motion controller. The photos were then processed in two computer software, ZereneStacker and Photoshop. This setup was enlightened by the advice of Dr. Graeme Lowe (pers. comm. to V. Tang) but simplified.
拍照
样本照片的拍摄方法与一作之前论文不同。之前，所有细节结构的照片都是用装有小型相机的显微镜通过手动调焦拍摄。在这项研究中为了获得更高分辨率的微小细节而使用了新设备。该设备包括两个装在水平底座的垂直支架，每个支架带有一个相机（镜头朝底座；型号：佳能5DSR，针对拍摄目标尺寸不同配有Sigma或Laowa微距镜头，如有必要还配有Kenko延长管）和一个对焦堆叠滑道（与支架平行，从MJKZZ.de购买）。装有样本的载物台垂直安装在导轨上，可根据需要的距离上下移动。在对MJKZZ三轴运动控制器设置好参数后，相机自动拍照。接下来，照片用ZereneStacker和Photoshop两个软件进行处理。这套装置受Graeme Lowe博士与一作的私人通讯中的建议启发，但进行了简化。
Abbreviations. D, depth; L, length; W, width; PTC, pectinal tooth count; IAD, internal accessory denticle; MD, median denticle; EAD, external accessory denticle; PLMa, posterolateral major ocellus; ADMi, anterodorsal minor ocellus; PDMi, posterodorsal minor ocellus. Specimen Depositories. VT (Personal collection of Victoria Tang, Shanghai, China); BMNH (British Museum [Natural History], London, UK); FKCP (František Kovařík, private collection, Prague, Czech Republic); ZMUH (Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum der Universität von Hamburg, Germany).
缩写
D：depth（深度）；L：length（长度）；W：width（宽度）；
PTC：pectinal tooth count（数栉齿数）；
IAD：internal accessory denticle（内部附属齿）；
MD：median denticle（中齿）
EAD：external accessory denticle（外部附属齿）
PLMa：posterolateral major ocellus（后外侧主眼）
ADMi：anterodorsal minor ocellus（前背副眼）
PDMi：posterodorsal minor ocellus（后背副眼）
标本存放处：
VT (Personal collection of Victoria Tang, Shanghai, China)
异形的个人收藏，中国上海
BMNH (British Museum [Natural History], London, UK)
大英博物馆【自然历史】，英国伦敦
FKCP (František Kovařík, private collection, Prague, Czech Republic)
František Kovařík个人收藏，捷克布拉格
ZMUH (Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum der Universität von Hamburg, Germany)
德国汉堡大学动物研究所和动物博物馆
Comparative material (VT). Centruroides bicolor Pocock, 1898, 1♂1♀; C. gracilis (Latreille, 1804), 1♂; C. nigrimanus Pocock, 1898, 1♂; Heteroctenus garridoi (Armas, 1974), 1♀; H. junceus (Herbst, 1800), 1♂1♀; Isometrus maculatus (DeGeer, 1778), 1♂1♀; Janalychas tricarinatus (Simon, 1884), 1♀; Lychas mucronatus (Fabricius, 1798), 1♂1♀; L. scutilus C. L. Koch, 1845, juv. (sex no longer determinable); Tityus footei Chamberlin, 1916, 1♂; T. smithii Pocock, 1893, 1♀; T. stigmurus (Thorell, 1876), 1♀; all are dry specimens obtained as either pets or caught in the wild.
对照材料（异形的个人收藏）
双色似刺尾蝎(Pocock, 1898), 1♂1♀;
纤细似刺尾蝎(Latreille, 1804), 1♂;
黑掌似刺尾蝎(Pocock, 1898), 1♂;
加氏异栉蝎(Armas, 1974), 1♀;
木色异栉蝎(Herbst, 1800), 1♂1♀;
斑等蝎(DeGeer, 1778), 1♂1♀;
三棱雅娜信使蝎 (Simon, 1884), 1♀;
尖刺信使蝎(Fabricius, 1798), 1♂1♀;
纤细信使蝎(C. L. Koch, 1845), （无法分公母的青年个体）;
孚氏戾蝎(Chamberlin, 1916), 1♂;
史密斯戾蝎(Pocock, 1893), 1♀;
斑尾戾蝎(Thorell, 1876), 1♀;
都是人工饲养或野外捕捉的干燥标本。
Etymology. The generic epithet is a noun in apposition, the Pinyin for “狼蝎” (láng xiē) in Chinese. Lang (狼) is the Chinese equivalent for “wolf”, and xie (蝎) is that for “scorpion”. This name is coined for three reasons: (1) the erroneous formal Chinese name for Lychas needs to be replaced (Tang, 2022a); (2) the new genus was found to be very abundant in the region and exhibited high tolerance to conspecifics, zooming among rock crevices like wolf packs; (3) the new genus was dominant in its habitat, and fed on a variety of prey, including other predatory arthropods.
词源
这一署名是并列的两个名词，取自中文“狼蝎”的汉语拼音。Lang（狼）在中文指wolf（狼），Xie（蝎）在中文指scorpion（蝎子）。这样命名有三个原因：①Lychas属规范的中文名称有错误应该被替换；②这一新属在发现地分布数量非常多，对同种个体表现出很高的耐受性，在岩缝中快速穿梭，像狼群一样；③在这一新属的栖息地，它们占主导地位，具有包括其它掠食性节肢动物的多样性的捕食对象。
Diagnosis. Total length ca. 27–38 mm in adult males and ca. 38–45 mm in adult females. General coloration brownish, with whitish yellow pedipalp manus and reddish telson. Pedipalps, metasoma and telson rather slender. Cuticle furnished with prominently developed lattice microstructures. Carapace granular, lacking distinct carinae (except for a pair of posterior median carinae sometimes moderately indicated by granules, but the superciliary carinae constantly appear), flat, isosceles trapezoidal with concave anterior margin. Median eyes very small, situated anteriorly in the ratio ca. 2: 7 to 1: 3. Five pairs of lateral eyes (three major ocelli, two minor ocelli). Tergites I–VI granular, with single median carina, tergite VII with 5 carinae. Sternum type 1, sub-triangular in shape. Pectinal tooth counts 18–21 in males and 16–19 in females. Pectines with conspicuous fulcra. Chelicerae with typical buthid dentition with a single enlarged denticle on ventral side of fixed finger. Metasoma elongate, segment I with 10 carinae, II–IV with 8–10 carinae, lateral median carina can be lacking. Telson elongate, ellipsoidal in shape, with distinct, triangular, subaculear tooth which sometimes presents a secondary tubercle on dorsal surface. Pedipalps orthobothriotaxic, type Aβ, femur trichobothrium d2 prolateral to prodorsal carina, patella d3 between retrodorsal and dorsomedian carina. Dentate margin of chela movable finger comprises 6 non-imbricated rows of MDs, row 1 to 5 terminate proximally in a moderately enlarged MD which is flanked by an IAD; apical row anterior to the 1st row very short, composed of less than 5 subterminal denticles, distal end flanked by one or two terminal denticles; EAD absent from all margins of both fixed and movable fingers. Short tibial spurs present on leg III and leg IV, tibia and tarsus without bristle combs, ventral surfaces of tarsomeres II equipped with 2 rows of short setae (ca. 9–12 for each row), ungues stout.
判别：
雄性成体全长约27-38mm，雌性成体全长约38-45mm。整体颜色为褐色，须肢和螯掌为白黄色，毒刺为红色。须肢、后体和毒刺相当细长。表皮具有突出的晶格微结构。甲壳呈颗粒状，无明显隆突（除了后中部隆突有时因为有颗粒比较明显，但是眼镜上方的隆突往往很明显）。身躯扁平，前缘凹陷呈等腰梯形。位于前方的主眼很小，比例在2:7~1:3。有三大两小五对侧眼。第Ⅰ~Ⅳ节背板颗粒粗糙，正中具有单个隆突。第Ⅶ号背板有5个隆突。胸部盖板为Ⅰ型的近三角形。雄性栉齿数18-21，雌性为16-19。栉状器支骨明显。螯体具有典型的buthid齿列——定指腹侧有单个大号突齿。后体细长，第Ⅰ节有10个隆突，Ⅱ~Ⅳ节有8-10个隆突，可能没有外侧中隆突。毒囊呈细长椭圆形，有明显的三角形下齿，有时在靠背侧有副刺瘤。须肢的毛序为Aβ型，大腿听毛d2前侧向（延伸至）前背隆突，髌骨d3位于背后隆突和背中隆突之间。螯肢动指的齿边包括6排不重叠的齿，第1-5齿终止与稍有增大的中齿近端，两侧是内部附属齿；（螯肢）顶端到第1齿距离很短，由不到5个亚末端齿组成。顶端两侧有1或2个末端齿；定指和动指所有边缘均无外部附属齿。第Ⅲ、Ⅳ腿有短的胫骨刺，胫骨和跗骨无“刚毛梳”（译注：大概是成排的刚毛），跗骨II的腹面有2排短刚毛（每排约9-12根），脚趾粗壮。
Affinities. There are eight characters, which in combination differentiate Langxie, gen. n. from all other buthids: pedipalps orthobothriotaxic, type Aβ (beta-configuration); legs III and IV with tibial spurs; pedipalp movable fingers with six non-imbricated rows of denticles; pedipalp movable fingers without EAD; carapace flat; cheliceral fixed finger with a single ventral denticle; telson with a distinct subaculear tooth; metasoma V smooth or granulated without punctate.
亲缘关系
有八种特征的组合让人们把Langxie属和buthid科的其他属区分开：①须肢毛序为Aβ型（β-构型）；②有胫骨刺的Ⅲ、Ⅳ号腿；③须肢可动指上有六排不重叠的齿；④须肢可动指上无外部附属齿；⑤扁平的甲壳；⑥须肢固定指有一个单独的腹侧齿；⑦毒囊有明显副刺瘤；⑧后体第Ⅴ节（表面）光滑或呈颗粒状但没有凹陷。
The new genus is most similar to both Afrolychas and Lychas in its diagnostic characters. Only two species were included in Afrolychas by Kovařík (2019): A. braueri (Kraepelin, 1896) and A. burdoi (Simon, 1882). Both species are small-sized and they apparently also differ from the new genus in the following aspects: (1) maculate color pattern; (2) appendages relatively short; (3) metasoma relatively robust; (4) pectines more sexually dimorphic. In A. braueri, the dorsosubmedian carinae of metasoma II–III are armed with prominently enlarged posterior teeth (Kovařík, 2019: figs. 130–133), which is not the case for the new genus. The pectines of A. braueri is obviously sexually dimorphic (Kovařík, 2019: figs. 131, 133), but similar intersexually in L. feti gen. et sp. n. Additionally, the subaculear tubercle of the new genus is either armed with or without a secondary tubercle dorsally. On the other hand, this character is absent in A. burdoi (Kovařík, 2019: fig. 101) and present ventrally in A. braueri (at least visible in females; Kovařík, 2019: figs. 132–133). Due to the scarcity of subordinate taxa, the comparison of the new genus with Afrolychas can be easily biased. The four characters chosen by Kovařík (2019) in his matrix to diagnostically separate the genera may not be sufficient to indicate the phylogenetic relationships between these taxa. Although the new genus shares one more character with Afrolychas, it is hypothesized to be closer to Lychas, but this nonetheless requires a comprehensive phylogenetic study. Biogeographically, the highly disjunct distribution of Afrolychas vs. the new genus, which are isolated from each other by the Himalaya Mountain range, a major vicariant barrier, argues against inclusion of the new species in Afrolychas.
在判别特征上，这一新属与Afrolychas属和Lychas属最相似。Afrolychas属(Kovařík, 2019)中仅包括两个物种：A. braueri（Kraepelin，1896）和A. burdoi（Simon，1882）。这两个物种体型都很小，显然，它们在以下几个方面也与新属不同：①斑点图案颜色样式；②附肢相对较短；③后体相对强壮；④公母栉状器差别明显。对A. braueri，后体第Ⅱ~Ⅲ节腹中线腹板上有明显增大的后牙。(Kovařík, 2019：图131, 133)，而新属不是这样；A. braueri的公母栉状器显然不同(Kovařík, 2019： 图131, 133)，但在Langxian feti中公母的栉状器相似。此外，Langxian属的副刺瘤在背侧有或没有次级结节，而A. burdoi不存在这种特征。(Kovařík, 2019： 图101)，A. braueri 则在腹侧存在(至少雌性存在；Kovařík, 2019：图132–133)。由于属下群的稀缺性，将新属与Afrolychas属进行比较很容易产生偏差。Kovařík 在2019年从他的模型中选出四种特征在鉴别新属，这可能不足以表明这些类群之间的系统发育关系。虽然新属与Afrolychas属共享一个特征，但据推测它更接近Lychas属，而这仍需要全面的系统发育研究。在生物地理学上，Afrolychas属与新属高度间断分布，它们被喜马拉雅山脉隔离开来，这是一个主要的地理屏障，阻止将新属纳入Afrolychas属。
The new genus mainly differs from the Lychas by the loss of all EAD. These regular EADs are present in all the other known species of the “(Ananteris + Isometrus)” clade. Geographically (Fig. 86), the new genus is found most closely to five species of the genus Lychas: L. brehieri (Myanmar), L. gravelyi (Myanmar), L. mucronatus (China and Myanmar populations) and L. scutilus (Myanmar populations). However, both L. brehieri and L. gravelyi were described from Mon State in the south of Myanmar, and the former was discovered in the “Saddan Sin Gu” Cave, while the latter is only known from the Mawlamyine (“Moulmein”), Tenasserim. Moreover, the record of L. scutilus in Myanmar was from Maliwan Village (“Birma, Malewoon”, No. VA2642, ZMUH), which is further south. As a result, the only closely distributed species of Lychas would be L. mucronatus, with the north-most record from Deqin (Dêqên) County, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (see figure 1 in Tang, 2022b). The Himalaya Mountain system may serve as an effective vicariant barrier blocking gene flow from the Lychas species in India as well. The new genus can be easily distinguished from the geographically close species, L. mucronatus, by a combination of evident characters besides the generic characters: (i) appendages and metasoma much more slender in the new species; (ii) pedipalp chelae do not create prominent gap between cutting edges when closed (in males) in the new species; (iii) coloration much darker, without conspicuous spots throughout the body and immaculate on pedipalp chelae in the new species; (iv) carapace without conspicuous median longitudinal groove posterior to the median ocelli in the new species; (v) carinae on metasoma more developed in the new species; (vi) telson more slender with a slightly less curved aculeus in the new species.
新属与Lychas属区别最重要的特征是完全没有外部附属齿，这些常规的外部附属齿存在于“（Ananteris + Isometrus）”分支的所有其他已知物种中。在地理上（图86），新属与Lychas属的五个物种最接近：L. brehieri（缅甸种群），L. gravelyi（缅甸种群），L. mucronatus（中国和缅甸种群）和L. scutilus（缅甸种群）。然而，L. brehieri和L. gravelyi都是在缅甸南部的孟邦被记载的，前者是在“Saddan Sin Gu”洞穴中发现的，而后者仅在Tenasserim的Mawlamyine（“Moulmein”）中发现。此外，缅甸的L. scutilus记录来自更南边的马里万村（“缅甸，马勒温”，编号VA2642，ZMUH）。因此，Lychas属种分布最契合的是L. mucronatus，最北端的记录来自迪庆藏族自治州德钦县（见异形2022年b篇文献的图一）。喜马拉雅山系统也可以成为有效的替代屏障，阻止印度Lychas属物种的基因流动。除了通用特征外，新属可以很容易地与地理上接近的物种 L. mucronatus 区分开来：①新属的附肢和后体更纤细；②新属的雄性在闭合螯肢时，切缘之间不会产生明显缝隙；③新属的颜色更深、全身无明显斑点，且螯肢更无暇；④新属中眼的中后部没有明显的纵向沟槽；⑤新属的后体腹板更发达；⑥新属的毒囊更纤细，蜇针弯曲弧度稍小。
We further compared the new genus with another geographically close buthid genus, Himalayotityobuthus Lourenço, 1997, which also comprises only two species (H. martensi Lourenço, 1997 and H. alejandrae Lourenço, 2003). The original descriptions for those two species are poor with insufficient illustrations. The new genus clearly differs from Himalayotityobuthus by the presence of pectinal fulcra, and it may be different in other potential aspects (provided that the documentation was correct; Himalayotityobuthus vs. L. feti sp. n.): (1) three lateral ocelli vs. five lateral ocelli (no illustrations); (2) 7–8 vs. 6 rows of denticle (based on the holotype male of H. martensi; F. Kovařík, pers. comm.); (3) accessory denticles present vs. absent (based on the holotype male of H. martensi; F. Kovařík, pers. comm.); (4) carapace anteriomedian notch present (e. g., H. martensi; based on the specimen MNHN-RS-RS8236) vs. absent; (5) spurs strong vs. moderate to weak (qualitative, no illustrations); (6) tarsus with numerous setae vs. two rows of setae comprised of ca. 12 setae (qualitative, no illustrations).
我们进一步将新属与另一个地理上与Buthid属接近的Himalayotityobuthus属（喜山戾杀牛蝎属）(Lourenço, 1997)进行了比较，这一属也只包含两个种：H. martensi (Lourenço, 1997)和H. alejandrae (Lourenço, 2003)。对这两个物种的原始描述很差，插图不足。由于存在栉状器支骨，新属和Himalayotityobuthus属明显不同，并且可能在其他潜在方面有所不同（前提是文献正确）：（H属vs.新属）①侧眼数3对 vs. 5对；②螯肢齿数7-8 vs. 6（H. martensi的雄性正模样本，来自和F. Kovařík的私人交流）；③附属齿存在vs.不存在（H. martensi的数据来源同上）；④甲壳前正中切口有例如H. martensi，标本号MNHN-RS-RS8236)vs.无；⑤骨刺强壮vs. 较弱（定性，无插图）；⑥跗骨有许多刚毛（定性，无插图）vs. 两排毛一排12根（定性，无插图）
Comments
Loss of accessory denticles.
Buthid scorpions are often characterized by their rows of denticles (or granules) on the pedipalp movable finger. Terminologies of these denticles varied in the past literature. Conventionally, the most distal denticle is called a terminal denticle, and those denticles just proximal to it are called subterminal denticles. The short row formed by those subterminal denticles is called an apical row, excluded from the “primary denticle rows”. We identify three types of denticles: internal accessory denticle (IAD), median denticle (MD) and external accessory denticle (EAD). For reference, these have the following notational equivalences in the literature: IAD = gi ( granule (accessoire) interne; Vachon, 1950: figs. 72, 74) = ia ( inner accessory granules; Stockwell, 1989: fig. 73) = interior lateral granule (Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: fig. 13) = internal series (Pocock, 1990: fig. 3); MD = pg ( primary granules; Stockwell, 1989: fig. 73) = grr (granular row; Sissom, 1990: fig. 3.17h) = denticle series (Levy & Amitai, 1980: fig. 8) = median series (Tikader & Bastawade (1983: fig. 13); Pocock (1900: fig. 3)); EAD = ge (granule (accessoire) externe; Vachon, 1950) = oag (outer accessory granule; Levy & Amitai, 1980: fig. 8; Sissom, 1990: figs. 3.17g, i) = external series (Pocock, 1990: fig. 3) = exterior lateral granule (Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: fig. 13) = outer accessory denticle (Levy & Amitai, 1980: fig. 8).. The definition of denticles in Soleglad & Sissom (2001: fig. 1) was different: their “outer denticles (OD)” on their left diagram integrated into the MD series, but separated therefrom on their right diagram. However, their scheme was defined for chactoids and iurids.
注释
附属齿的缺失
Buthid科蝎子往往以须肢动指上的齿或凸起为特征。之前的文献中，这些齿的术语各不相同。惯例上讲，最末端的齿叫terminal denticle（末端齿），近一些的齿叫subterminal denticles（次末端齿）。由次末端齿组成的短行叫apical row（顶端行），除“primary denticle rows”（主齿行）以外。我们定义下面这三种齿：内部附属齿（IAD），中齿（MD），外部附属齿（EAD）。作为参考，以下符号在文献中等效：
IAD = gi ( granule (accessoire) interne; Vachon, 1950: figs. 72, 74) = ia ( inner accessory granules; Stockwell, 1989: fig. 73) = interior lateral granule (Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: fig. 13) = internal series (Pocock, 1990: fig. 3)；
MD = pg ( primary granules; Stockwell, 1989: fig. 73) = grr (granular row; Sissom, 1990: fig. 3.17h) = denticle series (Levy & Amitai, 1980: fig. 8) = median series (Tikader & Bastawade (1983: fig. 13); Pocock (1900: fig. 3))；
EAD = ge (granule (accessoire) externe; Vachon, 1950) = oag (outer accessory granule; Levy & Amitai, 1980: fig. 8; Sissom, 1990: figs. 3.17g, i) = external series (Pocock, 1990: fig. 3) = exterior lateral granule (Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: fig. 13) = outer accessory denticle (Levy & Amitai, 1980: fig. 8)..
Soleglad & Sissom在2001年（图1）中对齿的定义是不同的：它们的外齿OD在左图上整合到MD系列中，但在右图上它们又分开了。不过它们的定义架构是为chactoids和iurids定义的
再后面的内容包含了新种定种过程及其本身的各个细节，包括但不限于“附属齿的缺失”“性别和成体的鉴别”、“晶格的微观结构”（上述三个部分用了非常大的篇幅详细描述）、“染色”、各身体部位的更细节描述、地理分布详情等。时间、水平有限不再深入翻译，且已翻译的主体部分内容已十分丰富，足够从宏观层面对新的Langxie属有较详细的认识。再次恳请朋友指出翻译中的问题，不胜感谢。
最后对异形的辛苦劳动及图90中的蝎子们为科学做出的贡献致意。
