2006年考研英语阅读理解第三篇重点单词汇总

2006年考研英语阅读理解第三篇重点单词汇总
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
当史前人类到达世界的新区域时,大型动物身上发生一些奇怪的事情:他们突然间灭绝了。小型的物种存活下来。小型的物种存活下来。体型庞大、生长缓慢的动物易于捕捉,而且很快被捕杀至灭绝。现在,相同的事情可能正在海洋中发生。
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.
多年来,海洋一直在被过度捕捞,这是众所周知的。诸如Ransom Myers和Boris Worm等的专家的研究仅仅表明事情正以多快的速度发生变化。他们已经研究了全世界的渔场半个世纪以来的数据。他们的方法不是去尝试评估海洋特定区域内鱼类的实际生物量(活体生物的数量),而是评估生物量随着时间的变化情况。根据他们在《自然》杂志上发表的最新的论文,一个新渔场的大型捕食者(它们杀死并吃掉其它动物)的生物总量在开始开发的15年内平均减少了80%。从那时以来,在一些长期捕捞的区域内,这个数字又减了一半。
Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked.That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.
Dr. Worm承认这些都还只是保守数字。这个原因之一是捕鱼技术已经得到了改进。今天的渔船可以利用卫星和声纳来寻找猎物,这些在50年前是没有的。这意味着海洋内有更高比例的生物正在被捕捞,所以现在和过去的真正差别可能要比用捕捞规模的变化所记录的要更糟。早期,多钩长线上本可以挂满更多的鱼。因为没有可用的饵钩来钓鱼,因而一些个别的鱼没有被捕获到,这导致过去人们低估了鱼类的数量。而且,在早期使用多钩长线捕鱼的日子里,有许多鱼在上钩后又被鲨鱼吃掉了。这已经再也不是个问题,因为现在附近的鲨鱼很少了。
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
Dr. Myers和Dr. Worm认为,他们的研究给出了一个正确的基准线,它是未来管理工作必须加以考虑的事情。他们认为这些数据支持了海洋生物学家中流传的“基线移动”的观点。这种观点认为,人们还没发现海洋中所发生的巨大变化,因为他们只是回顾了过去相对短暂的一段时间里所发生的情况。这一点很重要,因为理论表明当一种目标物种的生物量大约达到原来水平的50%时,一个渔场才可以收获最大的持续捕获量。大多数渔场远低于那个水平,这样可不是经商之道。
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prehistoric adj. 史前的;陈旧的
arrive v. 到达,送达;降临,发生;作出(决定);降生;获得成功
过去分词:arrived
现在分词:arriving
过去式:arrived
第三人称单数:arrives
part n. 部分;零件;角色;成员;部位;区域;集;参与;声部;等份;分缝
v. 离开;分离;解散;梳成分头
adv. 部分地
过去分词:parted
现在分词:parting
过去式:parted
复数:parts
第三人称单数:parts
strange adj. 奇怪的;陌生的
名词:strangeness
sudden adj. 突然的
名词:suddenness
suddenly adv. 意外地,忽然地;出乎意料;霍然
extinct adj. 灭绝的;废除了的;(火山)死的
smaller adj. 更小的;小的( small的比较级 );小气的;(服装、食品、家用设施等)小号的;小规模的
specie n. 硬币;铸币
survive v. 生存,存活;幸存;艰难度过;比…活得久
过去分词:survived
现在分词:surviving
过去式:survived
第三人称单数:survives
hunt v. 搜寻;追踪;打猎;猎狐
n. 搜寻;打猎;(英国的)猎狐队伍/行动
过去分词:hunted
现在分词:hunting
过去式:hunted
复数:hunts
第三人称单数:hunts
extinction n. 灭绝,消亡
similar adj. 类似的
比较级:more similar
最高级:most similar
overfish vt. 对(鱼、渔场)捕捞过度
过去分词:overfished
现在分词:overfishing
过去式:overfished
第三人称单数:overfishes
shown v. 给…看( show的过去分词 );表现出;显露出;上演
data n. 数据;资料
fishery n. 渔业,水产业;渔场;水产公司;捕鱼权
复数:fisheries
method n. 方法;有条不紊
复数:methods
attempt v. 努力,尝试,企图
n. 努力,尝试,(杀人)企图
过去分词:attempted
现在分词:attempting
过去式:attempted
复数:attempts
第三人称单数:attempts
estimate n. 估计,预测;报价,预算书;评价,判断
vt. 估计,估算;评价,评论;估量,估价
过去分词:estimated
现在分词:estimating
过去式:estimated
复数:estimates
第三人称单数:estimates
actual adj. 真实的,实际的;真正的
biomass n. (单位面积或体积内)生物的数量
amount n. 金额;数量,数额;程度
v. 共计
复数:amounts
biological adj. 生物(学)的;亲生的;(洗衣粉)含酶的
particular adj. 特定的;特殊的;格外的;挑剔的
n. 细节;详细资料
复数:particulars
accord n. 协议,条约
v. 给予(某种待遇);符合,与…一致
过去分词:accorded
现在分词:according
过去式:accorded
第三人称单数:accords
publish n. 协议,条约
v. 给予(某种待遇);符合,与…一致
过去分词:accorded
现在分词:according
过去式:accorded
第三人称单数:accords
predator n. 捕食者;掠夺者;捕食其他动物的动物,食肉动物;弱肉强食的人(或机构)
复数:predators
reduce v. 减少,缩小;使变成;节食;使不得不;使沦为(不好境地);(使)浓缩
过去分词:reduced
现在分词:reducing
过去式:reduced
第三人称单数:reduces
average adj. 平均的;正常的,一般的
n. 平均数;平均水平
v. 平均为;算出…的平均数
副词:averagely
过去分词:averaged
现在分词:averaging
过去式:averaged
复数:averages
第三人称单数:averages
exploitation n. 开发;利用;剥削
halve vt. 把…分成两半;把…减半;对分;平摊
过去分词:halved
现在分词:halving
过去式:halved
第三人称单数:halves
figure n. 数字;位数;人影;雕像;体形;知名人士;形象;图,表;几何图形;金额;冰上花样
v. 认为;计算;出现
过去分词:figured
现在分词:figuring
过去式:figured
复数:figures
第三人称单数:figures
conservative adj. 保守的;(支持)保守党的
n. 保守者;保守党(支持者)
副词:conservatively
比较级:more conservative
最高级:most conservative
复数:conservatives
technology n. 科技;技术性机器
形容词:technological
副词:technologically
复数:technologies
improve v. 改进;提高;康复;超过
过去分词:improved
现在分词:improving
过去式:improved
第三人称单数:improves
vessel n. 容器;船,飞船;血管,管束;…的化身
复数:vessels
satellite n. 卫星;人造卫星;卫星国;卫星区
复数:satellites
sonar n. 声呐装置,声呐系统;声呐兵
复数:sonars
available adj. 可用的,可获得的;有空的
名词:availability
proportion n. 部分,份额;比例;重要性;均衡
v. 使相称;使成比例
复数:proportions
difference n. 差别,差额;变化;分歧
复数:differences
present adj. 现在的,目前的;现在时的;出席的,在场的;包含于…的
n. 现在;礼物
过去分词:presented
现在分词:presenting
过去式:presented
复数:presents
第三人称单数:presents
record n. 记录,记载;唱片;(体育运动或活动的)纪录;履历;案底
v. 记录;记载;录制;标明,显示
adj. 创纪录的
过去分词:recorded
现在分词:recording
过去式:recorded
复数:records
第三人称单数:records
size n. 大小,尺寸;规模;胶料,浆糊;巨大,大量;尺码
vt. 按大小排列;改变…的大小;上胶料,上浆;上涂料
过去分词:sized
现在分词:sizing
过去式:sized
复数:sizes
第三人称单数:sizes
longline n. 多钩长线
saturate v. (使)湿透,浸透;使充满,使饱和
过去分词:saturated
现在分词:saturating
过去式:saturated
第三人称单数:saturates
individual adj. 单独的;个人的;独特的
n. 个人;某种类型的人
复数:individuals
therefore adv. 因此
lead v. 在…前面走;引路;连通;通至;领先;领导;导致;使得;引导;过(某种生活)引出;开牌
n. 领先的地位;超前量;榜样;线索;主角;狗绳;导线;铅;铅笔芯;子弹
过去分词:led
现在分词:leading
过去式:led
复数:leads
第三人称单数:leads
underestimate vt. 低估;对…估计不足;看轻;把…的价值估计过低
n. 低估;估计不足;过低评价,过低估价;轻视
过去分词:underestimated
现在分词:underestimating
过去式:underestimated
第三人称单数:underestimates
stock n. 股份,股票;库存;树干;家畜
adj. 常备的,存货的;陈旧的
vt. 提供货物;备有
vi. 出新芽;囤积
过去分词:stocked
现在分词:stocking
过去式:stocked
复数:stocks
第三人称单数:stocks
furthermore adv. 此外;而且;与此同时;再者
shark n. 鲨鱼;坑蒙拐骗的人,诈骗者;[俚]老手
复数:sharks
correct adj. 正确的;恰当的;符合公认准则的;得体的
v. 改正,纠正;批改,修改;指出错误
副词:correctly
过去分词:corrected
现在分词:correcting
名词:correctness
过去式:corrected
第三人称单数:corrects
baseline n. (网球场的)底线;(棒球场的)垒线;基线;零位线
复数:baselines
effort n. 努力;吃力;有组织的行动;费力的事
复数:efforts
current adj. 当前的;流通的
n. (河、湖或海的)水流;电流;趋向
复数:currents
marine adj. 海洋的;海产的;海军的;海船的
n. 海军陆战队士兵
复数:marines
relative n. 亲戚;同类事物
adj. 相对的;比较的;相比之下存在;关于;指代前面句子(的一部分)
复数:relatives
maximum adj. 最高的;极大的
adv. 最多
n. 最大量
复数:maxima
sustain vt. 维持;支撑,支持;遭受,忍受;供养
过去分词:sustained
现在分词:sustaining
过去式:sustained
第三人称单数:sustains
yield v. 产生;屈服,让步;放弃;让路
n. 收益;产量
过去分词:yielded
现在分词:yielding
过去式:yielded
复数:yields
第三人称单数:yields
crop n. 庄稼,作物;收成;一群,一些;短发
v. 有收成;收割;啃吃(草等);剪短,剪裁
过去分词:cropped
现在分词:cropping
过去式:cropped
复数:crops
第三人称单数:crops
target n. 目标;对象;靶子
v. 以…为攻击目标;瞄准,面向
过去分词:targeted;targetted
现在分词:targetting;targeting
过去式:targeted;targetted
复数:targets
第三人称单数:targets
original adj. 最初的;独创的;原作的
n. 原件,原稿;独特的人
复数:originals
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