• jungwoq Hol: 对“形容词”的思考

qavan pagh Savan!

众所周知克林贡语中是没有形容词的，这类概念由动词来表达。tIn Duj 意/译为“船很大”，如果将动词“tIn”移至名词“Duj”后，此时就成为了 Duj tIn “大船”。但是为什么将这类具有形容词义的动词移至名词后就会“修饰”前面的名词呢？就在刚不久我好像想明白了这困扰了我自学时就有的困惑，以防大家也有同样的困惑就在这里讲一下吧。

借用上面的例子，首先我认为这不是两个“词”，而是一个“词”（Duj）和一个“句”（tIn）。这很好理解：在克林贡语中，如果一个句子的主语是第三人称，那么在动词上就不会有前缀（或带有 0 前缀）。所以在这里“tIn”的正确翻译（或字面翻译或直译）应该是“那很大/它是大的”。因为名词“Duj”在句“tIn”前，这就相当于指名了“tIn”的逻辑主语是“Duj”。

顺着这个思路，我们也可以解释下面这个句子：Duj tIn vIlegh “我看见（一艘）大船”。这句话直译过来（或表达出来的逻辑）应该是“有艘船，就挺大的那个，我看见了”。给原句加上标点符号应该会好理解点：Duj, tIn, vIlegh。也就是说这句话是由一个名词和两个分句组成的。

这个思路同样可以解释为什么比较级公式是“ A Q law' B Q puS”（A，B为任意两个不同的名词，Q 是一形容词义动词）而不是“Q A law' Q B puS”并且动词 Q 必须要重复两遍——这本身就是两个句子，“A Q law'”和“B Q puS”。

根据这个思路，形容词义动词对名词的“修饰”是间接的而并非直接。不过倒是也有方法让其直接“修饰”名词：使用由第九类动词后缀 -bogh 所构成的定语从句（或关联从句）。比如说“tInbogh Duj”。（不过一般情况下也没人会这么说，你要这么用的话别人可能会认为你有什么大病）

因为克林贡人他们不用标点符号，所以我觉得这个猜想是可行的（

感谢阅读！也欢迎在评论区里讨论！

DalaDmo' choquvmoH! QummeH QaQ bIng!

• DIvI' Hol: Thinking for the "adjective"

qavan pagh Savan!

It is basic that there is no adjectives in Klingon but verb instead. tIn Duj means "the ship is big", if we put the verb tIn after the noun Duj, the Duj tIn, it means "the big ship". But why? Why we just put the verb after the noun, then the verb can qualify the noun before? Not very long ago I just might thought out the reason. I will say it out for the case of you have the question which I have since Iearnt Klingon, too.

Let me still use the example above, I do not think it's  of two verbs but a noun (Duj) and a sentence (tIn). It's easy to understand: In Klingon if the subject is third-person in a sentence, there is no prefix (or the prefix 0) on the verb. So the more currect translation (or literal translation) in that case is "it is big". Due to the noun Duj before the sentence "tIn", It shows the logical subject for "tIn" is the Duj. 

By this way, we can explain the sentance below: Duj tIn vIlegh "I see a big ship". It might literally means "the ship which is big, I see it". Perhaps adding punctuations will be easy to understand: Duj, tIn, vIlegh. So it comtains a noun and two clauses.

And the way also can let us know why comparative formula is "A Q law' B Q puS (A&B are two different nouns, Q is the adjective verb) rather than "Q A law' Q B puS" and why the Q must be said twice, It's the verb of the two clauses, "A Q law'" and "B Q puS"! 

Accoring to the words, we are clear the adjective verb do qualify the noun undirectly. But we can have a way let it do directly, by using ralative clause with the tybe 9 verb suffix -bogh: tInbogh Duj. (but in general no one will speak this way and if you do people will think what's wrong with you)

I think the cenjective is right besed on the Klingons never use the punctuations :)

Thank you for reading and welcome to communicate below!

DalaDmo' choquvmoH! QummeH QaQ bIng!