文明史话，古希腊：源起（01）

文明史话，古希腊01：源起--米诺斯文明，迈锡尼文明和希腊黑暗时代

The History of Civilization, Ancient Greece 01: Origins - Minoan Civilization, Mycenaean Civilization, and the Greek Dark Ages

大家好我是小田。从本期视频开始我会通过一季视频来聊一聊古希腊。并且我想搞清楚一个问题：古希腊为什么是古希腊。

Hi, I'm Tian. Starting with this video I will talk about ancient Greece through a season of videos. And I want to figure out why ancient Greece is ancient Greece.

古希腊历史以大约公元前八百年为界可以分成两个阶段，我称其为“前希腊文明时期”和“希腊文明时期”。前希腊文明时期包括希腊文明的两个前身，米诺斯文明，迈锡尼文明和希腊黑暗时代这样三个部分；希腊文明时期包括古风时期，古典时期和希腊化时期这样三个部分。

The history of ancient Greece can be divided into two periods, which I call the "Pre-Greek Civilization Period" and the "Greek Civilization Period". The Pre-Greek civilization period includes the two predecessors of Greek civilization, the Minoan civilization, the Mycenaean civilization, and the Greek Dark Ages; the Greek civilization period includes the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods.

今天咱们就来聊一聊古希腊的源起，也就是前希腊文明时期的内容：古希腊地区，古希腊人，米诺斯文明，迈锡尼文明和希腊黑暗时代。

Today we will talk about the origins of ancient Greece, the Pre-Greek civilization period: the ancient Greek region, the ancient Greeks, the Minoan civilization, the Mycenaean civilization, and the Greek Dark Ages.

古希腊的源起这部分内容很多，线索又非常乱，并且这里面还充斥着各种假说，不过其中的难点在于如何认识这些事件以及它们之间的关系。

The content of the origins of ancient Greece is many and the clues are very messy, and it is full of hypotheses, but the difficulty lies in how to understand these events and the relationship between them.

在这期视频当中我以文化系统的结构和演化逻辑为切入点，将前希腊文明时期这部分内容的线索仔细梳理了一遍并且整理出了一个基本可行的框架。从这个框架当中我们不仅可以对希腊古风时期之前的历史有一个大概的了解，并且还可以知道希腊文明在东地中海地区的发展脉络，以及很多文学，语言学，历史学和考古学的内容，非常丰富。为了方便大家学习，我已经把重要的事件做成了表格。

In this video, I take the structure and evolutionary logic of cultural systems as a starting point and go through the threads of pre-Greek civilization and draw up a basic workable framework. From this framework, we can not only get an overview of the history of Greece before the Archaic period but also the development of Greek civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean region, as well as many literary, linguistic, historical, and archaeological aspects, which are very rich. For your convenience, I have made a table of important events.

了解一个文明的第一步就是找到其源头。知道了它从哪里来的，也就知道了它要到哪里去。

The first step in understanding a civilization is to find its origins. By knowing where it came from, we also know where it is going.

我觉得不论做什么，基础很重要。就如同数学家希尔伯特所说，“我们必须知道。我们必将知道”。

I think that whatever I do, the basics are important. As the mathematician David Hilbert said, "We must know. We shall know".

首先我们来了解一下古希腊地区。

First, let's learn about the region of ancient Greece.

古希腊地区

Region of Ancient Greece

古希腊地区位于地中海东部。其范围包括了今天巴尔干半岛南部的希腊大陆，克里特岛，爱琴海和黑海的沿岸地区以及众多的岛屿。希腊地区，埃及地区以及包括美索不达米亚和安纳托利亚在内的西亚地区这三部分在东地中海形成了一个范围广大的文化圈。

The region of ancient Greece was located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It included the Greek mainland in the southern part of the present-day Balkans, Crete, the coastal areas of the Aegean and Black Seas, and numerous islands. The Greek region, the Egyptian region, and the West Asian region, including Mesopotamia and Anatolia, form a vast cultural sphere in the Eastern Mediterranean.

这里说明一下。古希腊的区域划分掺杂了部落，战争，神话与传说等因素，并没有一个明确的标准。因此为了方便表述，我对于古希腊地区的划分部分参考了今天希腊这个国家的行政区划。

Here is a clarification. The division of ancient Greek regions was mixed with tribes, wars, myths, legends, etc. There is no clear standard. Therefore, for the sake of presentation, I have partially referred to the administrative divisions of the country of Greece today for the division of the regions of ancient Greece.

希腊本土是由一个多山的半岛大陆和两个较小的半岛组成的，大陆约80%是山地和丘陵，陆地被山川河流所分割，十分破碎。希腊大陆三面环海，海岸线很长。它的东面是爱琴海，西面是爱奥尼亚海，克里特岛以南为利比亚海。

The Greek mainland is composed of a mountainous peninsula continent and two smaller peninsulas. The continent is about 80% mountainous and hilly, and the land is fragmented by mountains and rivers. The Greek mainland is surrounded by sea on three sides and has a long coastline. It is surrounded to the east by the Aegean Sea, to the west by the Ionian Sea, and to the south of Crete by the Libyan Sea.

希腊大陆的东北部是色雷斯，其西部和马其顿接壤。色雷斯最早被希腊人用来指代色雷斯的部落，他们在《伊利亚特》中作为特洛伊盟友出现。这里曾出现过很多著名的人物，希腊神话中的俄耳甫斯，哲学家普罗泰戈拉和德谟克里特，罗马帝国将军李锡尼（或李锡尼乌斯）以及领导了奴隶起义的领袖斯巴达克斯都是色雷斯人。

The northeastern part of mainland Greece is Thrace, which is bordered by Macedonia to the west. The word Thrace was first used by the Greeks to refer to the Thracian tribes, who appear in the Iliad as Trojan allies. Many famous figures, Orpheus in Greek mythology, Protagoras and Democritus the philosophers, Licinius, the general of the Roman Empire, and Spartacus, the leader of the slave revolt, were all Thracians.

色雷斯西边是培奥尼亚和伊利里亚，这三个地区的南部为马其顿。亚历山大大帝和马其顿王国就是从这里崛起的。

To the west of Thrace are Paeonia and Illyria, and to the south of these three regions is Macedon. It was from here that Alexander the Great and the Macedonian kingdom rises.

马其顿在希腊世界当中比较特殊，它的情况非常复杂。这里我要多说几句。

Here, I would like to introduce Macedonia. It is very special and complex in the Greek world.

我们对于马其顿可以有这样一个印象，后来居上的“边缘人”。马其顿在相当长的时期里要么没有存在感，要么不受希腊人待见。然而就是这样一个“小角色”却在公元前四世纪从北方崛起，统一了希腊世界，并对希腊文明影响深远。

We can have an impression of Macedonia as a "fringe figure" who later rose to become the leader of Greece. Macedonia was either ignored or disliked by the Greeks for a considerable period. Yet it was such a small kingdom that rose from the north in the fourth century B.C., unified the Greek world, and had a profound impact on Greek civilization.

首先，马其顿是一个处于希腊世界北方的边缘地区，有说法称马其顿原本是色雷斯的一部分。公元前四世纪之前希腊世界里几乎就没有马其顿的戏份，甚至在希腊文学当中马其顿也很少被提及。

First, Macedonia was a region on the northern edge of the Greek world, and there are claims that Macedonia was originally part of Thrace. Macedonia was almost absent from the Greek world before the fourth century B.C., and it is rarely mentioned even in Greek literature.

希腊神话当中涉及马其顿的内容并不多。只提到过宙斯和丢卡利翁的女儿蒂亚有两个儿子，一个叫马格内斯，另一个名叫马其顿（或“马卡顿”）。这个马其顿可能就是马其顿人的祖先。

There are few references to Macedonia in Greek mythology. It is only mentioned that Zeus and Thyia, daughter of Deucalion, had two sons, one named Magnes and the other Macedon (or Makedon). This Macedon may be the ancestor of the Macedonians.

另外，在荷马的“船表”当中没有提到马其顿人的队伍。荷马在《伊利亚特》中详细记录了远征特洛伊的希腊联军的每一支船队，它们来自希腊各地。这个记录船队的列表就被称为“船表”。特洛伊战争我会在之后的视频讲到，这是希腊文学当中规模最大的一次军事集结。希腊各地有船的出船，有人的出人，并且《伊利亚特》当中提到的大多数地方都已经被确认。荷马在《伊利亚特》中将希腊人称为亚该亚人，这个我们后面会讲到。

In addition, the Macedonian contingent is absent in Homer's "Catalogue of Ships". In the Iliad, Homer keeps a detailed record of every fleet of ships of the united armies that marched to Troy, they came from all over Greece, and this list of fleets is called a "Catalogue of Ships". The Trojan War, which I will talk about in the future, was the largest military operation in Greek literature. Contingents or fleets were sent from various Greek cities. Most of the places mentioned in the Iliad have been identified. Homer refers to the Greeks as Achaeans in the Iliad, which we will talk about later.

其次，关于马其顿的记载大多来自于马其顿之外的地方，他们自己并没有留下多少信息。希腊对于马其顿的记载主要是关于马其顿的统治者，军事以及政治方面的内容；而关于马其顿本身的记载非常零散，其中不乏有很多充满敌意的内容。

Second, most of the information about the Macedonians comes from outside Macedonia, and not much information has survived from them themselves. Greek records of the Macedonians are mainly about Macedonian rulers, military and political; the records of Macedonia itself are very fragmentary and contain many hostile references.

马其顿人的制度和文化与希腊人有所不同，况且在希腊波斯战争当中马其顿曾属于波斯一方。罗马对于马其顿的记载有很重要一部分来自于罗马帝国时期的学者阿里安。他写作了一部记述亚历山大东征的书叫做《亚历山大远征记》，这里面还包括了《印度记》。这本书被认为是关于亚历山大大帝远征的最佳资料。但这本书有一个问题就在于太“就事论事”了，除了打仗啥也没有。这本书对亚历山大登基前的生活只字未提，也没有对亚历山大统治期间的希腊世界进行任何描写，只是纯粹的记录了他的征战过程。其他的历史著作也鲜有对于马其顿社会的相关记载，这就造成了后世对于马其顿的印象很片面。

The Macedonian system and culture were different from those of the Greeks, and Macedonia was on the Persian side during the Greco-Persian Wars. An important part of the Roman account of the Macedonians comes from Arrian, a scholar during the Roman Empire. He wrote an account of Alexander's conquests called The Anabasis of Alexander, which also includes the Indica. This book is considered to be the best source for Alexander's campaigns. But one of the problems with this book is that it is too "battle-focused" and has nothing but combat. The book says nothing about Alexander's life before he accedes to the throne, nor does it give any description of the Greek world during Alexander's reign, but is purely a record of his campaigns. There are few accounts of Macedonian society in other historical works, which has contributed to the lack of knowledge of the Macedonians in later times.

因此不论是古代的学者还是现代的学者都对古代马其顿人的身份，尤其是在马其顿人是否是希腊人这件事上持不同意见。

Therefore, both ancient and modern scholars disagree about the identity of the ancient Macedonians, especially about whether the Macedonians were Greeks or not.

再者，在文化方面马其顿受希腊世界影响颇深并在古典时期末期成为了希腊世界的文化高地。公元前五世纪后期的希腊世界由于内战而遭到重创。随着雅典的衰落希腊世界的文化中心从雅典转移到了马其顿。包括文学，艺术，哲学，戏剧在内的希腊传统在马其顿十分繁荣。并且马其顿还吸引了很多的名人来到这里生活，比如著名的悲剧作家欧里庇德斯和亚历山大大帝的老师亚里士多德。

Furthermore, Macedonia was heavily influenced by Greek culture and became the cultural highland of the Greek world at the end of Classical Greece. The Greek world in the late fifth century B.C. was devastated by civil war. With the fall of Athens, the cultural center of the Greek world shifted from Athens to Macedonia. Greek traditions, including literature, art, philosophy, and theater, flourished in Macedonia. The kingdom also attracted many famous people to live here, such as the famous tragedian Euripides and Aristotle, the teacher of Alexander the Great.

最后，腓力二世和亚历山大大帝的一系列军事行动不仅征服了希腊本土并将其统一，还征服了波斯，埃及等地，马其顿王国的疆域一直向东延申到了印度河流域。希腊文化也随着希腊世界的扩张而传播到了整个欧亚大陆。

Finally, a series of military campaigns by Philip II and Alexander the Great conquered not only Greece, but also Persia and Egypt, and the Macedonian kingdom was stretched as far as the Indus Valley to the east. Greek culture also spread throughout Eurasia with the expansion of the Greek world.

在这一点上，马其顿和战国时期的秦国有诸多相似之处。虽然这两次统一进程发生在欧亚大陆的东西两端，但它们在时间上仅相差一个世纪左右。它们都位于一个文化系统的边缘地带，它们的崛起都得益于一系列成功的制度改革，它们的统一进程都推动了这一地区的文明进入了新的历史时期，并且它们的文化成果和政治遗产都对这一地区之后的文明发展产生了深远影响。

In this respect, Macedonia has many similarities with the Qin state during the Warring States period. Although these two unification processes occurred at the eastern and western ends of the Eurasian continent, they were separated in time by only about a century. They are all located on the periphery of a cultural system, they all benefited from a series of successful institutional reforms in their rises, their unification processes propelled the civilization of this region into a new historical period, and their cultural achievements and political legacies have had a profound impact on the civilization's subsequent development.

我们说回古希腊地区。

Let's go back to the ancient Greek region.

哈尔基季基半岛和马其顿相连，形状类似于一个有三根“手指”的手（我看着像爪子），亚里士多德就出生在半岛上的斯塔基拉。他的父亲尼科马库斯曾是马其顿国王阿明塔斯三世的朋友和御医。阿明塔斯三世是亚历山大大帝的爷爷，亚里士多德后来能成为亚历山大的老师可能就借了他爸的光。亚里士多德的儿子也叫尼科马库斯，他的儿子和他爸同名。亚里士多德的著作《尼各马可伦理学》可能就是献给他父亲的，当然也有可能是献给他儿子的。2011年，斯塔基拉和临近的几个城市合并为了亚里士多德市。

The Chalkidiki peninsula, which is connected to Macedonia, resembles a hand with three "fingers" (looks like a claw to me), and Aristotle was born in Stagira on the peninsula. His father, Nicomachus, was the friend and royal physician of King Amyntas III of Macedonia. Amyntas III was the grandfather of Alexander the Great, and Aristotle may have been able to become Alexander's teacher thanks to his father. Aristotle's son was also named Nicomachus, and his father and his son shared the same name. Aristotle's work, Nicomachean Ethics, may have been dedicated to his father, or it may have been dedicated to his son. In 2011, Stagira and several neighboring cities merged to form the municipality of Aristotle.

马其顿的南部有两个相邻的地区，分别是西面的伊庇鲁斯和东面的色萨利。前面我们提到，希腊大陆的大部分地区都是山区，品都斯山脉从西北至东南贯穿希腊大陆。这些高山主要位于希腊的中部和西部。伊庇鲁斯就是一个崎岖的山区，而色萨利是希腊神话当中泰坦神族和奥林匹斯神族进行泰坦战争的地方。著名的奥林匹斯山（奥林帕斯山，奥林波斯山）就位于色萨利和马其顿的交界处，它是希腊的最高峰，高度2917米。在希腊神话当中，奥林匹斯山是希腊众神的故乡。

There are two adjacent regions in the south of Macedonia, Epirus in the west and Thessaly in the east. As we mentioned earlier, most of mainland Greece is mountainous. The Pindus Mountains run from northwest to southeast through the Greek mainland. These high mountains are located mainly in the central and western parts of Greece. Epirus is a rugged mountainous region, and Thessaly is the place where the Titan gods and the Olympian gods fought the Titanomachy in Greek mythology. The famous Mount Olympus, located at the border of Thessaly and Macedonia, is the highest mountain in Greece at 2,917 meters. In Greek mythology, Mount Olympus is the home of the Greek gods and goddesses.

伊庇鲁斯和色萨利的南部是希腊中部地区，这里是希腊世界的核心地带。这里发生的很多事件直接影响了希腊历史的进程。这里我们需要特别关注一个地方，位于希腊中部地区东南角的阿提卡。阿提卡的历史和古希腊，尤其是和雅典的历史密切相关。我们可以通过这样几个标签来记住它，马拉松战役，萨拉米斯海战，银矿，雅典和阿提卡方言。

South of Epirus and Thessaly is the region of Central Greece, which is the heart of the Greek world. Many of the events that took place here directly influenced the course of Greek history. Here we need to pay attention to a place, Attica, located in the southeast corner of central Greece. The history of Attica is tightly linked with that of ancient Greece, especially with that of Athens. We can remember it by such tags as the Battle of Marathon, the Battle of Salamis, the silver mines, Athens, and the Attica dialect.

马拉松战役于公元前490年发生在阿提卡东北部的马拉松平原。在这场战斗当中希腊军队击败了波斯军队，波斯从希腊撤军，第一次希腊波斯战争结束。根据传说，一位名叫菲迪皮德斯的希腊士兵在战斗结束之后跑步将战斗胜利的消息从马拉松带到雅典，在他说出“我们赢了”之后便因疲劳而死。后来希腊人为了纪念他在1896年雅典的第一届现代奥运会上举行了第一次马拉松长跑，马拉松从此成为奥运会的固定项目并迅速在世界上流行开来。

The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 B.C. in the plain of Marathon in northeastern Attica. In this battle, the Greek army defeated the Persian army, which withdrew from Greece and ended the First Greco-Persian War. According to legend, a Greek soldier named Pheidippides ran after the battle to bring the news of the victory from Marathon to Athens and died of exhaustion after he said "We have won". The Greeks held the first marathon in honor of him at the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896, and the marathon has since become a fixture at the Olympics and is rapidly gaining popularity around the world.

现代马拉松长跑（简称“全马”）的距离为42.195公里，大约是40公里，这个距离差不多就是从马拉松到雅典的距离。全马目前的世界纪录是2小时1分钟。还有一个和菲迪皮德斯有关的赛事是斯巴达超级马拉松（简称“超马”），全程246公里，这大致是斯巴达到雅典的距离。超马目前的世界记录是20小时25分钟。

The distance of the modern marathon is 42.195 kilometers, or about 40 kilometers, which is about the distance from Marathon to Athens. The current world record for the marathon is 2 hours and 1 minute. Another event related to Pheidippides is the Spartathlon, 246 km, which is approximately the distance from Sparta to Athens. The current world record for the Spartathlon is 20 hours and 25 minutes.

在陆上从色萨利进入希腊中部地区要经过一咽喉要道，此地名曰温泉关。温泉关在今天希腊的弗西奥蒂斯州，这里地势险要，一面是高山，一面是大海。历史上在温泉关曾发生过数场战斗，比较著名的有公元前480年第二次希腊波斯战争期间，希腊联军对抗波斯军队的温泉关战役，还有一次是在1941年第二次世界大战期，英联邦军队对抗德军的温泉关战。这两场战斗的结果都差不多，守军失利。

From Thessaly to central Greece by land, you have to pass through a key road called Thermopylae. The Thermopylae is located in Phthiotis, Greece today, which is surrounded by mountains on one side and the sea on the other. Several battles have been fought at Thermopylae, including the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC during the Second Greco-Persian War, when Greek forces fought against Persian forces, and the Battle of Thermopylae in 1941 during World War II when British Commonwealth forces fought against German forces. Both battles had a similar result, with the defenders losing.

萨拉米斯海战发生在温泉关战役之后。在温泉关失守之后，波斯军队进入希腊中部地区，希腊联军后撤。希腊的陆军撤退到了科林斯地峡进行布防，海军则撤退到雅典附近萨龙湾内的萨拉米斯岛附近修整。兵力处于劣势的希腊联将波斯舰队引诱至萨拉米斯岛和希腊大陆之间狭窄的海峡之中。数量庞大的波斯舰队在狭窄的水道当中难以发挥优，船只会因为难以操纵而队形混乱。希腊舰队抓住机会击败了波斯舰。这场海战成为了整场希腊波斯战争当中的转折点。

The Battle of Salamis took place after the Battle of Thermopylae. After the defeat of the Battle of Thermopylae, the Persian army entered central Greece and the Greek allies retreated. The Greek army retreated to the Isthmus of Corinth for defense, while the fleet withdrew to Salamis Island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens for repairs. The outnumbered Greek allies lured the Persian fleet into the narrow strait between the island of Salamis and the Greek mainland. The huge number of the Persian fleet was a hindrance in the narrow waterways, and the ships would become disorganized as they were struggling to maneuver. The Greek fleet seized the opportunity to defeat the Persian fleet. This battle became the turning point in the whole Greco-Persian War.

位于阿提卡东南部的拉里昂是希腊重要的矿区，这里的矿床富含大量的银，铜和铅。从公元前六世纪后期开始，希腊人对这里进行系统化的开采。白银用于铸造货币，这些货币为阿提卡的经济做出了重大贡献。在公元前五世纪时，这里的银矿已经成为雅典重要的收入来源之一。

Lavrio, in southeastern Attica, is an important mining area in Greece, where deposits are rich in silver, copper, and lead. Systematic mining of the area by the Greeks began in the late sixth century BC. Silver was used to mint coins, and these coins made a significant contribution to the economy of Attica. By the fifth century B.C., the silver mines here had become one of Athens' important sources of revenue.

雅典的兴盛离不开经济的繁荣。正是拉里昂的白银奠定了雅典的经济基础，让其有能力维持海军的巨大开销并使其最终战胜了波斯人，后来又赋予了雅典在希腊世界巨大的影响力。

The prosperity of Athens could not be separated from its economy. It was the silver of Lavrio that laid the economic foundations of Athens, allowing it to pay the enormous expenses of the navy and eventually defeat the Persians, and later giving Athens greater influence in the Greek world.

而拉里昂的银矿在公元前四世纪至公元前三世纪之间枯竭了。近三百年来，拉里昂矿区为雅典及其盟友提供了数千吨高纯度的银，而这三百年大体上是与古典希腊时期和雅典的黄金时代相重合的。银矿的枯竭和雅典的衰落也几乎发生在同一时期。

However, the silver mines at Lavrio were running dry between the fourth and third centuries BCE. For nearly three hundred years, the mines of Lavrio provided Athens and its allies with thousands of tons of high-purity silver, and these three centuries roughly coincided with the Classical Greek period and the Golden Age of Athens. The depletion of the silver mines and the decline of Athens also occurred at almost the same time.

关于雅典可以聊的东西就太多了。它是一个强大的城邦，又是希腊世界的文化中心，这里还是民主的发源地，雅典的帕特农神庙是希腊的象征。关于雅典的内容我们以后详聊，今天就不多讲了。而关于阿提卡方言和希腊语的内容我会在视频后面提到。

There are so many things to talk about in Athens. It was a powerful polis, the cultural center of the Greek world, the birthplace of democracy, and the Parthenon is the symbol of Greece. We'll talk more about Athens in the future. Instead, I will talk about the Attic dialect and the Greek language later in the video.

在阿提卡旁边的是一个狭长的岛屿，它是希腊第二大岛屿，优卑亚岛（今埃维亚岛），尤里普斯海峡将其与希腊大陆隔开。

Next to Attica is a long and narrow island, the second largest in Greece, Euboea (modern Evia), which is separated from the Greek mainland by the Euripus Strait.

接下来就到了希腊大陆的最南端，伯罗奔尼撒半岛，这里的主要族群是多利安人。半岛由科林斯地峡与中部地区相连。伯罗奔尼撒的名称来源于古希腊神话当中的英雄珀罗普斯，他是坦塔罗斯的儿子，阿特柔斯的父亲。伯罗奔尼撒的意思是“珀罗普斯的岛或者半岛”。

Next comes the southernmost point of mainland Greece, the Peloponnese (or Peloponnesus, Peloponnesos), where the dominant ethnic group is the Dorians. The peninsula is connected to central Greece by the Isthmus of Corinth. The name Peloponnese comes from the Greek mythological hero Pelops, the son of Tantalus and father of Atreus. Peloponnese means "the island or peninsula of Pelops".

伯罗奔尼撒半岛在希腊历史当中具有重要地位。首先，这里诞生了希腊大陆的第一个文明，迈锡尼文明。在青铜时代，迈锡尼文明在迈锡尼、皮洛斯和梯林斯等地修建了宏伟的宫殿并通过这些宫殿统治了伯罗奔尼撒半岛直至公元前十一世纪。关于迈锡尼文明我会在后面细讲。

The Peloponnese has an important place in Greek history. I will present it in several ways. First, the first civilization of mainland Greece, the Mycenaean civilization, was born here. During the Bronze Age, the Mycenaean civilization built magnificent palaces in Mycenae, Pylos, and Tiryns and ruled the Peloponnese through these palaces until the eleventh century BCE. I will talk more about the Mycenaean civilization later.

第二，军事力量。伯罗奔尼撒半岛拥有希腊世界主要的军事力量，他们尤以陆军见长。一些强大的城邦，如斯巴达，梯林斯，皮洛斯，阿尔戈斯和科林斯等，他们的陆军参与了几乎所有发生在希腊世界的战争，比如希腊波斯战争，伯罗奔尼撒战争，亚历山大远征以及亚该亚战争等，并且以半岛为中心组建的伯罗奔尼撒同盟和亚该亚同盟等城邦联盟也是具有很强的军事性质的。如果你熟悉《战锤40K》的世界观，可以将其理解为一个征兵世界。

Second, military strength. The Peloponnese had the major military forces of the Greek world, and they were particularly noted for their land forces. Some powerful city-states, such as Sparta, Tiryns, Pylos, Argos, and Corinth, had their land forces involved in almost all the wars that took place in the Greek world, such as the Greco-Persian War, the Peloponnesian War, Alexander's expedition and the Achaean War, and city-state alliances such as the Peloponnesian League and the Achaean League, which were formed around the peninsula, had a strong military character. If you are familiar with the setting of Warhammer 40K, you can interpret it as a conscript world.

第三，可能也是最重要的，伯罗奔尼撒代表了希腊文化当中一种独特的性格和精神，这种精神来自于这里独特的武化传统，主要是多利安人的武化传统。

Thirdly, and perhaps most importantly, the Peloponnese represents a unique character and spirit in Greek culture, a spirit that comes from the unique martial tradition here, primarily that of the Dorians.

武化与文化相对。如果说以雅典为代表的希腊中部地区代表了希腊世界文化，文明的一面，那么以斯巴达为代表的伯罗奔尼撒则代表了希腊世界武化，野蛮的一面。武化并不是尚武。武化是将武力作为价值体系的核心，最具有代表性的就是城邦斯巴达。如果你看过电影《斯巴达300勇士》，就会对骁勇善战的斯巴达人印象深刻。有一句斯巴达的告别词很著名，这是母亲在送她们的儿子去打仗之前对他们说的话，“要么带着你的盾牌回来，要么死在它上面”。

Martial as opposed to cultural. If central Greece, represented by Athens, represents the cultural and civilized side of the Greek world, then the Peloponnese, represented by Sparta, represents the martial and barbaric side of the Greek world. Martial is not warlike. Martial is the use of force as the core of a value system, the most representative of the city-state Sparta. If you have seen the movie "300", you will be impressed with the courageous Spartans. There is a famous Spartan valedictory phrase that mothers say to their sons before sending them off to war, "ḕ tàn ḕ epì tâs"("either with it or on it", return alive with your shield or dead upon it).

多利安人是古希腊人的一个族群，但他们出现的时间很晚，并且他们的文化和气质和荷马史诗当中的希腊人（或者亚该亚人）以及和希腊世界里的其他族群有很大差异。一般认为多利安人是在黑暗时代从北方山区，马其顿或者伊庇鲁斯一带向南迁徙到伯罗奔尼撒等地区的，后来他们融入了希腊世界。

The Dorians were a group of ancient Greeks, but they emerged very late and their culture and temperament differed greatly from the Greeks (or Achaeans) of Homer's epics and other groups in the Greek world. It is generally believed that the Dorians migrated southward from the northern mountainous regions, around Macedonia or Epirus, to areas such as the Peloponnese during the Dark Ages, and that they later integrated into the Greek world.

虽然在古典时期多利安人和其他的希腊族群共享同一个文化系统，但他们在相当程度上保持了他们自身的特质。他们的语言，习俗和制度在希腊世界当中很特殊，而且他们很看重自己的这些特质，斯巴达人对于雅典人的那一套东西有很强的抵触。

Although the Dorians shared the same cultural system with other Greek groups during the classical period, they maintained their traits to a considerable extent. Their language, customs, and institutions were unique in the Greek world, and they valued these traits in themselves, and the Spartans had a strong resistance to the things of the Athenians.

虽然我们今天会将希腊人看作一个整体，但在希腊人内部是有很丰富的细节的，其民族内部不同族群之间的差异可能非常大。关于多利安人和斯巴达的内容我会在后面讲到。

Although we would look at the Greeks as a whole today, there were many details within the Greeks and the differences between the different groups within their nation could be very large. I will talk about the Dorians and Sparta later.

如果我们把伯罗奔尼撒放到整个希腊历史中来看的话，在很多时期里，这里即是起点，也是终点。希腊地区在历史上曾经数次被入侵或被外族所统治。每当希腊中部地区丢失的时候，希腊人就会将伯罗奔尼撒作为自己最后的退路并在这里进行抵抗。这里的抵抗最为持久，也最为坚决，从这一点上来说，伯罗奔尼撒具有特殊的意义。

If we look at the Peloponnese in the context of the entire history of Greece, this is the starting point and the end point for many periods. The Greek region has been invaded or ruled by foreigners several times in history. Whenever central Greece was lost, the Greeks turned to the Peloponnese as their last retreat and resisted there. The resistance here was the longest and most determined, and in this respect, the Peloponnese has a special significance.

在青铜时代，希腊大陆文明的曙光，迈锡尼文明就诞生在这里。而在希腊化时代的末期，当罗马人征服希腊的时候，伯罗奔尼撒对于罗马的抵抗最为激烈，这里是最后被占领的地方。公元前二世纪，罗马吞并希腊的最后一战，科林斯战役就发生在伯罗奔尼撒。这场战争非常惨烈，科林斯就和迦太基一样被彻底摧毁，男人全部被杀死，妇女和儿童全部成为了奴隶。自此之后希腊进入了其历史当中的罗马统治时期，希腊成为了罗马共和国，罗马帝国和拜占庭帝国的一部分。

In the Bronze Age, the dawn of civilization in mainland Greece, the Mycenaean civilization was born here. And at the end of the Hellenistic period, when the Romans conquered Greece, the Peloponnese put up the fiercest resistance to Rome, and this was the last place to be occupied. The final battle of the Roman annexation of Greece, the Battle of Corinth, took place in the Peloponnese in the second century B.C. The battle was so tragic that Corinth was destroyed, just like Carthage, with all the men killed and all the women and children made slaves. Since then Greece entered the Roman period of its history and became a part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire, and the Byzantine Empire.

后来，随着1453年君士坦丁堡的陷落，希腊大部又处于奥斯曼帝国的统治之下。在随后的几个世纪当中，伯罗奔尼撒逐渐成为了抵抗奥斯曼统治的中心。在十九世纪的希腊独立战争当中，反抗奥斯曼帝国统治的第一枪就打响在伯罗奔尼撒。而起义爆发的这一天，3月25日就成为了希腊的国庆日。

Later, with the fall of Constantinople in 1453, most of Greece came under Ottoman rule. In the following centuries, the Peloponnese gradually became the center of resistance to Ottoman rule. During the Greek War of Independence in the 19th century, the first shots against Ottoman rule were fired in the Peloponnese. The day of the uprising, March 25, became the independence day of Greece.

我们可以看到，希腊被外族统治的时间很长，从公元前二世纪一直到十九世纪接近两千年的时间。最后希腊能够独立，固然和民族主义的兴起以及欧洲对于希腊的同情有关，拜伦为希腊创作了很多诗歌，德拉克洛瓦还为希腊创作了名画《希俄斯岛的屠杀》（或“希阿岛的屠杀”），但说到底还是靠他们自己。

As we can see, Greece was under foreign domination for a long time, from the second century B.C. until the nineteenth century, nearly two thousand years. The final independence of Greece was certainly related to the rise of nationalism and European sympathy for Greece, with Byron's poetry and Eugène Delacroix's famous painting The Massacre at Chios (Scène des massacres de Scio), but in the end, it was the Greeks themselves who did it.

当时年轻一代的知识分子将现代希腊的历史视为其古代历史的延续，并且将复兴古希腊精神的理念融入到了他们的叙事当中。可以说最后希腊能够独立和这种精神是密不可分的。如果没有这种精神就没有今天的希腊，更进一步说，很可能他们原来的文明成果也保不住。那这种精神是从哪里来的，可能就来自于古代多利安人，斯巴达和伯罗奔尼撒的武化传统和他们的精神遗产。对于一个文化系统来说，它有接受外来文化的一面，但还有强调自己独特性的一面。这种强烈的自我意识与一个民族的武化传统是密不可分的。

The younger generation of intellectuals of the time treated the history of modern Greece as an extension of its ancient history and permeated their narratives with the idea of reviving the spirit of ancient Greece. It can be said that the independence of Greece is inseparable from this spirit. Without this spirit, Greece would not be what it is today, and, likely, the achievements of their ancient civilization would not have been preserved. Where did this spirit come from? It may come from the ancient Dorian, Spartan, and Peloponnesian martial traditions and their spiritual heritage. A cultural system has a side that accepts foreign cultures, but also a side that emphasizes its uniqueness. This strong self-awareness is inseparable from a nation's martial tradition.

我说这些内容并不是想说希腊人有多热爱独立和自由，而是我们应该看到潜藏在这些历史事件背后更深一层的东西，民族性格和民族精神。一个个体的成长过程往往也是其性格和精神的演化过程。这对于一个文明，一个国家，一个公司，一个家庭甚至我们每个人都一样。而文化与武化这种相互塑造的关系并不是希腊所独有的，而是适用于所有伟大的文明。

I do not mean to say that the Greeks loved independence and freedom, but that we should see something deeper behind these historical events, the national character and the national spirit. The process of growth of an individual is often also the process of evolution of its character and spirit. This is true for a civilization, a country, a company, a family, and even for each of us. And this mutually shaping relationship between culture and martial is not unique to Greece but applies to all great civilizations.

关于武化传统还有很重要的一点，竞技体育，这个我们以后再说。这里我们需要知道一点，竞技体育是不流血的战斗。公元前776年，第一届古代奥林匹克运动会就在伯罗奔尼撒半岛西部的奥林匹亚举行。而公元前776年这个年份有时就被用来作为古典希腊时期和希腊确切纪年的开始。奥林匹克格言，“更快，更高，更强，更团结（2021）”这句口号说到底体现的还是武化传统。

There is another very important point about the martial tradition, the high-performance sports（elite sports）, which we will talk about in the future. One thing we need to know here is that high-performance sports are bloodless battles. The first ancient Olympic Games were held in Olympia, in the western Peloponnese, in 776 BC. And the year 776 B.C. is sometimes used as the beginning of the Classical Greek period and the exact Greek chronology. The Olympic motto, "Faster, Higher, Stronger-Together (2021)" is also the embodiment of the martial tradition.

提起古希腊可能我们更熟悉的是雅典，对于伯罗奔尼撒相对比较陌生。但如果不了解伯罗奔尼撒我们对古希腊的理解就是片面的。

When it comes to ancient Greece, we are probably more familiar with Athens and relatively new to the Peloponnese. But our understanding of ancient Greece is incomplete if we do not know the Peloponnese.

我们说回古希腊地区。

Let's go back to the ancient Greek region.

希腊还有为数众多的岛屿。最大的是克里特岛，这里是米诺斯文明的发祥地。这个文明以其充满生活气息的艺术，线性文字A以及包括克诺索斯宫殿在内的大型建筑群而闻名。希腊神话当中著名的迷宫和牛头怪米诺陶诺斯就在这里。

Greece also has a large number of islands. The largest is Crete, which is the birthplace of the Minoan civilization. This civilization is known for its living art, Linear A, and large complexes including the palace of Knossos. The famous Labyrinth and Minotaur from Greek mythology are located here.

希腊的两组群岛分别是东边的基克拉泽斯群岛和西边的爱奥尼亚群岛。

The two groups of Greek islands are the Cyclades in the east and the Ionian Islands in the west.

基克拉泽斯群岛位于爱琴海，包括了米洛斯岛，纳克索斯岛，著名的有旅游胜地，圣托里尼岛和提洛同盟金库的所在地，提洛岛。

The Cyclades are located in the Aegean Sea and include the islands of Milos, Naxos, the famous tourist destination of Santorini, and the island of Delos, home to the treasury of the Delian League.

爱奥尼亚群岛是一组位于希腊大陆以西爱奥尼亚海上的岛屿，主要有七个。其中就包括了伊萨基岛（或“伊塔卡”，“伊萨卡”）。一般认为《奥德赛》中奥德修斯的家乡“伊萨基”就是这个伊萨基岛。还有《刺客信条：奥德赛》中的“新手村”，凯法隆尼亚岛，这里是游戏的主要角色卡珊德拉和阿利克西欧斯的故乡。

The Ionian Islands are a group of islands in the Ionian Sea, west of mainland Greece, with seven principal islands. It includes the island of Ithaca. It is generally believed that Ithaca, the home of Odysseus in the Odyssey, is the island of Ithaca. And the "birthplace" of Assassin's Creed: Odyssey, the island of Cephalonia, is the home of the main characters Kassandra and Alexios.

这里要注意，爱奥尼亚群岛和我们接下来要讲的爱奥尼亚地区并不一样。构成希腊世界的还有很重要的一部分是希腊的殖民地。

Be careful here not to confuse the Ionian Islands with the Ionian region that we will talk about next. Another very important part of the Greek world was the Greek settlements. The Greek colonies were also an important part of what made up the Greek world.

爱奥尼亚（或“伊奥尼亚”）地区指的是位于安纳托利亚西海岸的一个历史地区。安纳托利亚也称小亚，这一地区构成了今天的土耳其的大部分领土。

The Ionia region refers to a historical area located on the western coast of Anatolia. Anatolia is also known as Asia Minor, and this area constitutes most of the territory of contemporary Turkey.

这里在公元前十八世纪是赫梯帝国的一部分，后来赫梯帝国在青铜时代晚期（约公元前十二世纪）崩溃了，其原因可能和“海上民族入侵”有关。不仅是赫梯帝国，整个东地中海地区几乎所有的文明都在公元前十二世纪前后遭到了严重的破坏。在少数幸存下来的文明当中都提到了“海上民族”对该地区的入侵，如埃及的拉美西斯三世就有对于“海上民族”入侵三角洲地区的记载。造成文明崩溃的因素除了“海上民族”，还有“多利安人入侵”和自然灾害等。由这些因素所导致的东地中海地区文明崩溃的一系列历史事件被统称为“青铜时代晚期崩溃”。

It was part of the Hittite Empire in the 18th century BC, which later collapsed in the late Bronze Age (around the 12th century BC), probably due to the "Sea Peoples Incursion". Not only the Hittite Empire but almost all civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean region were severely damaged around the twelfth century BCE. The few surviving civilizations mention the invasion of the region by "Sea Peoples", such as Ramses III of Egypt, who recorded the invasion of the Delta by "Sea Peoples". The factors that caused the collapse of civilization were not only the "Sea Peoples", but also the "Dorian invasion" and natural disasters. The series of historical events that led to the collapse of civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean region are collectively referred to as the "Late Bronze Age Collapse".

在赫梯帝国毁灭之后，希腊人的一个部族，爱奥尼亚人于公元前十一世纪前后开始在这里定居。“爱奥尼亚”这一历史地区便是由这一支爱奥尼亚人而来。然而希腊人在安纳托利亚西海岸的定居地并非只有爱奥尼亚，而是从北向南分别由希腊人的三个部族，伊奥利亚人，爱奥尼亚人和多利安人建立了三个历史地区。只是爱奥尼亚比较为人们所熟知。

After the destruction of the Hittite Empire, a tribe of Greeks, the Ionians, began to settle in the area around the eleventh century BC. The historical region "Ionia" is derived from this group of people called Ionians. However, the Greek settlement on the western coast of Anatolia was not only Ionian, but three historical regions were established from north to south by three Greek tribes, the Aeolians, Ionians, and Dorians respectively. Ionia is better known.

在随后的几个世纪当中，在爱奥尼亚形成了由十二个希腊城邦组成的联盟，被称为爱奥尼亚联盟。重要的城邦包括了米利都，以弗所，希俄斯岛和萨摩斯岛。从公元前七世纪开始，爱奥尼亚繁荣起来，这里发展成为了希腊世界重要的商业和文化地区。

In the following centuries, a league of twelve Greek city-states was formed in Ionia, known as the Ionian League. The important city-states included Miletus, Ephesus, Chios, and Samos. From the seventh century B.C., Ionia flourished and it developed into an important commercial and cultural area of the Greek world.

公元前六世纪，在爱奥尼亚的米利都诞生了著名的爱奥尼亚哲学学派，也称米利都学派。著名的思想家了包括泰勒斯，赫拉克利特，阿那克西曼德和阿那克西美尼。他们致力于通过寻找基本元素来解释自然和事物的本质。爱奥尼亚学派被认为是希腊哲学或者西方哲学的起点，泰勒斯被认为是西方最早的哲学家。

In the sixth century B.C., the famous Ionian School of philosophy, also known as the Milesian school, was born in Miletus in Ionia. Famous thinkers include Thales, Heraclitus, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. They are dedicated to explaining nature and the nature of matter by finding the fundamental elements. The Ionian school is considered the starting point of Greek or Western philosophy, and Thales is considered the earliest Western philosopher.

除了发达的贸易和兴盛的文化，爱奥尼亚的地理位置也很特殊，它是亚洲和欧洲的中间地带。就如同地处两个大陆板块之间的地方会地震频发，公元前六世纪末或五世纪初的爱奥尼亚地区正处于波斯“板块”和希腊“板块”的交界处，两个文化系统在这里不断地发生着碰撞和摩擦。如果说希腊波斯战争是一场地震，那震源就是爱奥尼亚。

In addition to its well-developed trade and thriving culture, Ionia's geographical location is unique in that it is the intermediate zone between Asia and Europe. Just as a place between two continental plates is prone to earthquakes, the Ionia region in the late sixth or early fifth century B.C. was at the junction of the Persian and Greek "plates", where the two cultural systems were constantly colliding and clashing. If the Greco-Persian Wars were an earthquake, the hypocenter was Ionia.

公元前547年，居鲁士大帝征服了小亚地区。为了便于统治，波斯向爱奥尼亚的各希腊城邦委任了僭主。公元前499年，这里爆发了反抗波斯统治的爱奥尼亚起义。这场起义的爆发直接导致了希腊和波斯持续了近半个世纪的战争。

In 547 B.C., Cyrus the Great conquered the Asia Minor region. Persia appointed tyrants to rule over the Greek city-states in Ionia. In 499 BC, the Ionian Revolt broke out here against Persian rule. The outbreak of this revolt led directly to a war between Greece and Persia that lasted for nearly half a century.

类似爱奥尼亚这种处于文化系统的边缘地带或者中间地带的地方发挥着类似“催化剂”的作用，它们在很大程度上影响着文明的发展。从爱奥尼亚我们就可以看出来殖民地对于希腊世界的重要作用。

Places like Ionia, which are on the fringes or in the intermediate zones of cultural systems, play a similar role as "catalysts", and they largely influence the development of civilizations. From Ionia, we can see the important role of the colonies in the Greek world.

而在希腊的历史当中，包括爱奥尼亚在内的小亚西海岸殖民地只是希腊人口迁徙当中比较有代表性的案例。希腊在古代有两次大规模的人口迁徙。一次是在公元前十一世纪中期到公元前九世纪末由“多利安人入侵”所导致的人口迁徙。这次迁徙发生在青铜时代之后的铁器时代，我们可以将其称之为“铁器时代殖民”。

In the history of Greece, the colonies of the western coast of Asia Minor, including Ionia, are only representative of the Greek population migrations. Greece had two major migrations in ancient times. One of them was caused by the "Dorian invasion" from the middle of the eleventh century B.C. to the end of the ninth century B.C. This migration took place after the Bronze Age, during the Iron Age, and we can call it "Iron Age colonization".

在这次殖民活动中，希腊人在爱琴海诸岛，塞浦路斯，克里特岛和小亚细亚西海岸定居，这些定居地后来就发展成为希腊的重要城邦。

During this colonization, the Greeks settled in the Aegean islands, Cyprus, Crete, and the western coast of Asia Minor, which afterward became important Greek city-states.

希腊大陆的迈锡尼文明可能由于“多利安人入侵”而毁灭，一部希腊人跑了出来在新的地方定居。此时的希腊由于缺少书写系统导致这一时期的历史事件鲜有记载。线形文字B随着迈锡尼文明的毁灭而消失了，而希腊字母要等到公元前八世纪初期才出现。而在民间的口述历史当中，很多发生于这段时期的部族迁徙活动就被人们传颂为是由神话人物或英雄所领导的。这也就是我前面提到的古希腊的地区划分当中的部落，传说和神话因素。

The Mycenaean civilization of mainland Greece was probably destroyed by the "Dorian invasion", and some Greeks ran away and settled in new places. The lack of a writing system in Greece at this time has resulted in few historical events being recorded from this period. Linear B disappeared with the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization, while the Greek alphabet did not appear until the early eighth century BCE. In folk oral history, many of the tribal migrations that took place during this period were celebrated as being led by mythical figures or heroes. This is the tribal, legendary, and mythological element of the regional divisions of ancient Greece that I mentioned earlier.

（讲到这里我来梳理一下这些事件发生的时间点。大致的情况是这样的：迈锡尼文明存在于约公元前十八世纪（约公元前1750年）到公元前十一世纪（约公元前1050年）。约公元前十三世纪“多利安人入侵”，迈锡尼的宫殿在约公元前十三世纪遭到破坏，线形文字B最后一次出现的时间也是公元前十三世纪，约公元前十一世纪迈锡尼文明毁灭。

Let me sort out the timing of these events. The general picture is this: the Mycenaean civilization existed from about the eighteenth century B.C. (c. 1750 B.C.) to about the eleventh century B.C. (c. 1050 B.C.). The "Dorian invasion" took place around the thirteenth century BC. The Mycenaean palace was destroyed in the thirteenth century B.C. The last appearance of Linear B is also dated to the thirteenth century BC. The destruction of the Mycenaean civilization in about the eleventh century B.C.)

另外一次大规模的希腊人口迁徙发生在约公元前750年到约公元前500年这一时期，也就是从希腊大陆走出黑暗时代到爱奥尼亚爆发起义的这段时间，我们可以将其称之为“古风时代殖民”。

Another major Greek migration took place between about 750 BC and about 500 BC, the period between the emergence of the Greek mainland from the Dark Ages and the outbreak of the Ionian Revolt, which we can call the "Archaic Colonization".

这次人口迁徙和之前的有一个重要的区别，这次殖民活动在很大程度上是“主动的”，是希腊人有计划的，有目的的对一地区进行控制的过程，在这个过程中很多希腊城邦得以建立并且它们和母邦保持着紧密的联系。殖民的原因主要有两点。

One important difference between this migration and its predecessors was that this colonization was "active", a planned and purposeful process of Greek control over a region, in which many Greek city-states were established and which maintained close ties with their mother states. There are two major reasons for colonization.

首先是希腊大陆人口的增长超出了有限的土地承载能力。根据一项估计，从公元前800年到公元前400年这段时间，希腊世界的人口增加了十多倍，从80万人左右增加到了1000万人左右。有限的土地产出已经无法养活如此庞大的人口，导致他们在其他地方大规模建立殖民地。

The first is that the population of mainland Greece is growing beyond the limited land-carrying capacity. According to one estimate, the population of the Greek world increased more than tenfold between 800 BC and 400 BC, from about 800,000 to about 10 million. The limited land output could no longer support such a large population, resulting in their large-scale establishment of colonies elsewhere.

其次是进行贸易。首先是随着东地中海地区的发展，各主要文明都有巨大的贸易需求。粮食，经济作物，牲畜，金属，贵金属，木材等资源的相对稀缺促使商人们建立商路。希腊人在建立商路的过程当中建立了很多殖民地，其目的是规范和扩大贸易。然后是随着技术的发展，希腊人可以将船只开到更远的地方。这一时期的希腊殖民地已经遍布地中海，爱琴海，马尔马拉海和黑海的沿岸地区。向东，他们到达了黑海的克里米亚半岛。向西，他们到达了西西里岛，意大利南部，法国南部，科西嘉岛，甚至是西班牙东部。向南，他们在埃及和利比亚也建立了殖民地。

The second is to conduct trade. First of all, with the development of the Eastern Mediterranean region, there was a huge demand for trade from all major civilizations. The relative scarcity of food, cash crops, livestock, metals, precious metals, wood, and other resources prompted merchants to establish trade routes. The Greeks established many colonies in the course of establishing trade routes with the intent of regulating and expanding trade. Then, with the development of technology, the Greeks could sail their ships further. Greek colonies of this period were already spread over the Mediterranean coastal areas, the Aegean, the Sea of Marmara, and the Black Sea. To the east, they reached the Crimean Peninsula in the Black Sea. To the west, they reached Sicily, southern Italy, southern France, Corsica, and even eastern Spain. To the south, they established colonies in Egypt and Libya as well.

这些殖民地在希腊向整个地中海地区传播其影响力的过程当中发挥了重要作用，同时它们也有助于在希腊各城邦之间建立长途贸易网络，促进古希腊的经济。

These colonies played an important role in spreading Greek influence throughout the Mediterranean, and they also aided in the establishment of long-distance trading networks between Greek city-states and boosted the economy of ancient Greece.

当然了，不只是希腊人，腓尼基人也建立了很多的殖民地，其中最著名的就是北非的迦太基。

Not only the Greeks, of course, but also the Phoenicians established many colonies, such as Carthage in North Africa.

关于古希腊地区的内容我们就先聊到这里。这部分内容很多也很杂，不过柏拉图的一句话可能有助于你的理解和记忆，他说： “我们就像一群青蛙围着一个水塘，在这片海的沿岸定居了下来”。

This is the content of the ancient Greek region. The content of the ancient Greek region is many and varied, and a quote from Plato may help you understand and remember this part, when he said, "Like frogs around a pond, we have settled down upon the shores of this sea".