英专学硕-外语语言学-考研笔记-1-1-1
首先，我先定个基调，英专学硕-外应(外语语言学及应用语言学)，主要靠背、靠勤奋靠努力，靠93.4%的努力吧。
我的建议是，先看中文版，我看的是《语言学教程-胡壮麟[第三版]》，然后就看专业课考研书就行，我看的是[语言学-星火英语]，然后阅读英文版书籍-胡壮麟主编的《语言学教程》以及戴炜栋《新编简明语言学教程》。
第一阶段，我希望大家能够做到预习、自研，然后能看着书把考研题做会就行啦。
然后，第一章，
第一章，背就完了！但放心，背的不算多。
就第一章而言，不要说语言学靠脑子、靠天赋。对外张扬说说就行啦，但在内行自己明白就行啦，到时候你就知道啦。然后不要钻逻辑的“牛角尖”，「认真你就输了」！
就考试而言吧，不是自己突破极限，而是平常做的题会做，需要背的句子，背得越来越深刻，印在脑海里，再慢慢熟练写下来，就已经成功了。
第一章的笔记标签：
【名词解释】【选择填空】【简答题术语】
[辨正概念]——科学拿捏概念而非死磕
[记忆卡片]——帮助记忆定义和例子
[论述技巧]——论述题的答题规范
[头脑风暴]——论述题新题型的思路突破
Chapter ONE——Language and Linguistics
[part 1]，
language——the definition of language, the design features of language, and the origin of language.
从入门到入土，从入门到入坑，自己选！！！让我们开始吧！
术语题(名词解释题)——
language、design features、arbitrariness(arbitrary nature)、duality、displacement、creativity(productivity)、cultural transmission、conventionality(convention)、langue&parole、competence&performance.
这些名词解释，把星火语言学上面的相关的、正常的题都覆盖了。大家读文本的时候吧，会涉及术语的例子解释，但那些细节点在【选择填空】以及【简答题术语】中才用到，而【名词解释】只默写概念就行，考法很固定，就十个术语左右。
但最让我不安的是，不同版本的书上写的定义竟然都不同，写的东西不一样！！！我考的西外，官方指定的是戴、胡，还有两本老外出的书。大家看着不同版本，就选择最优那个背诵吧！
The Definition of Language——language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.[共识]
[记忆卡片]——时间轴记忆法，一定与人有关，起初口语成就语言，再发展到书面的任意符号，再到高级的系统，human-specific、vocal、arbitrary、symbolic、systematic.
The Design Feature of Language——
a). DESIGN FEATURES refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.[星火]
b). The features that define our human languages as distinctive from languages used by other species can be called DESIGN FEATURES.[胡]
c). DESIGN FEATURES refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.[戴]
[记忆卡片]——人类特有-properties of human language、区别difference, distinctive or distinguish from、除人之外other species, any animal system or any animal communication——容错率还是蛮高的，加油！
Arbitrariness——
a). which means that there is no logical connection between the sound of morpheme and its meaning.[星火1]
b). Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.[星火2]
c). Arbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.[戴]
d). Arbitrary refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.[胡]
[辨正概念]——定义给的还不一样，这点崩溃了，任意性，就发音或符号对所指物来说，都有任意性！
我学术一点考虑，应该是音素和所指义的任意性，理由如下，语言首先是口语的，而书写26字母排列组合更多考虑的是规则性，发音的任意性大于书写。
所以，优先——Arbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
整合版——Arbitrariness refers to that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds, and the form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship.
[记忆卡片]——there is no relationship between A and B结构
natural, intrinsic relationship
A=sounds
A=语音符号或书写形式linguistic symbol, the form of linguistic signs
B=meanings.
Duality——It refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level, and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.[星火+胡]
[戴]版本被我踢出局了哈(没有恶意)，不要问为什么哈。
[记忆卡片]——有两个水平of层次的特性，AB包含关系，A=primary level，B=elements of the secondary level，each of them都有各自的组织规则。
the property of having two levels of structures.
are composed of elements of….
each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
Creativity(创造性)——By it, we mean language is resourceful because of its duality(二层性) and itself recursiveness(递归性).[星火+胡]
Productivity(能产性)——Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.[戴]
[记忆卡片]——回走二重道，创造资源。新标识的解构，能产无限可能，
recursiveness(词根=回走)，resourceful
construction and interpretation of new signal(解构, 即解释与构造), productive and creative, makes possible.
Displacement——it means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present, in time and space, at the moment of communication.[胡]
It means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.[星火+戴]
[记忆卡片]——客体是objects, events and concepts, 即things.
所赋是present or not present, real or imagined, in the past, present or future, 即超越时空, which are not present in time and space.——这个容错率蛮高的。
Cultural transmission——Language is not biologically transmitted. Instead, it is culturally transmitted from generation through teaching and learning.[星火]
Language is not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.[戴]
[记忆卡片]——不是什么地transmitted？biologically or genetically，而是被教与习得。
Conventionality——it means it is conventional to say things this way and you cannot change the expression any other way even if you think it does not look or sound logical.[胡]
[记忆卡片]——甚至看起来或听起来不合理，但你都不能改变表达！
langue语言&parole言语 (Saussure, 1959: 13-14).
The former one refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.[共识]
And the latter one refers to the realization of langue in actual use. [共识]
[记忆卡片]——abstract linguistic system、all the members、a speech community，the realization of langue、actual use.
Sauaaure定义[abstract linguistic system]，每个单词都有S，先简称为S哥。
Competence&Performance (Chomsky, 1965: 3)
A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.
Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.
[戴]转译版本——Competence refers to the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. And Performance refers to the actual realization of the user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.
[记忆卡片]——能力即对于系统规则潜在的知识，但不一定能在具体情况下实际表现出来。
我来填充一些内容吧，不需要默写，关于The Origin of Language，这个应该只出选填题。
关于选填题，我认为保底90%是书上的原句，高频考点的原句。咱读了源文本后有印象能定位，就能得分。当然有非原句的定性判断分析题，但属于简单题。
这一部分内容，我的天，[胡][星火]写的都不一样，我也是醉了- -！
The natural response theory, (also called “Ding-Dong” theory), put forward by German scholar M. Muller, postulates that language began with vocal expression being assigned to objects found in the environment. In other word, human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered.
从自然界感受，并作出回响。
The “ye-he-yo” Theory耶-嗬-喲——劳动论，实践是区别人与动物，这个理论就对照马哲啦。
As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. It explains that language originated from the cries uttered during strain of work.
关键词——worked together, strain of work.
the “Sing-song” theory唱歌理论，认为语言起源于原始人的举行典礼时有节奏的唱歌。
关键词——ritual songs of praise.
the “Ta-Ta” theory, 我愿称之为——单身狗(他和她的接吻)理论，it believes that body movement preceded language. Language began as an unconscious vocal imitation of these movements.
关键词——unconscious imitation of movement
The “pooh-pooh” theory, 大家长叹气应该发的是这个音, emotion&language
关键词——instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy. Interjections that expresses the speakers’ emotions.
The “bow-wow” theory, 狮子瞪着人喘气就是这个声音吧，primitive people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.
关键词——animal, the wild environment
