The accusative ending: -n

宾格词尾-n

Take a look at this English sentence: "The woman kisses the little boy." How do you know who is kissing, and who is being kissed? In English, you know by the word order. The woman comes before the verb, so she is doing the kissing (or to use the grammatical term, she is the subject of the sentence). The little boy comes after the verb, so he's the one being kissed (and he is the grammatical object of the sentence).

来看看这个英语句子"The woman kisses the little boy."（那个妇女在亲吻那个小男孩）。你如何判断亲吻者以及被亲吻者呢？在英语中，你通过单词顺序来判断。妇女在动词的前面，所以她是亲吻者（或者使用语法术语，她属于句子里的主语）小男孩跟在动词的后面，所以他是被亲吻者（在语法中，小男孩属于句子里的宾语）

In Esperanto, you can tell who is the subject and who is the object of the sentence by the endings. The subject of the sentence, i.e. the one who is doing the kissing, ends in -o . The object of the sentence, the one who is being kissed, has -n added after the -o . This means that you can always tell who or what is the subject, and who or what is the object, even if the sentence is switched around:

在世界语中，你可以通过词尾来判断谁是主语，谁是宾语。句子的主语，就像亲吻者，是以"-o"结尾的。句子中的宾语，也就是被亲吻的小男孩，在-o的后面加上了-n。这意味着，你能够一眼看出哪个是主语哪个是宾语。即使句子的顺序如下文所示：

La virino kisas la malgrandan knabon. 
The woman kisses the little boy. 

La malgrandan knabon kisas la virino. 
The woman kisses the little boy. 

(Look for the -n ! This still means "The woman kisses the little boy", even though the word order has been changed.)

找一下那个-n，不管单词的顺序怎么摆，这个句子的意思仍然是"The woman kisses the little boy（那个妇女亲吻那个小男孩）"

Note that the adjective (in this case malgranda) also takes the -n ending, the same as the noun it refers to: malgrandan knabon .

要注意，形容词（例子里是malgranda）同样要在结尾处加上“-n”，和名词一样：malgrandan knabon

These sentences mean the same thing, and are all equally correct. They all mean: "The woman kisses the small boy.":

下面的句子意思都是“The woman kisses the small boy. ” （那个妇女在亲吻那个小男孩），而且都是正确的：

La virino kisas la malgrandan knabon. 
La malgrandan knabon kisas la virino. 
Kisas la virino la malgrandan knabon. 
Kisas la malgrandan knabon la virino. 
La virino la malgrandan knabon kisas. 
La malgrandan knabon la virino kisas. 

The -n ending in Esperanto is called the accusative. Be aware that the accusative ending -n is never used with the verb estas: Li estas knabo. (He is a boy.)

-n结尾的，在世界语里叫做宾格。要注意，以“-n”结尾的宾语是不会和estas一起使用的，例如：Li estas knabo.（他是个男孩）

Accusative and Plural

宾格与复数

If a word already ends in -j, the -n is added after it.

如果单词已经有了词尾“-j”，那“-n”要加在“-j”的后面

Mi manĝas bonajn kukojn. 
I am eating good cakes.

我吃好的蛋糕

Mi vidas la belajn virinojn. 
I see the beautiful women.

我看到美丽的女人

Pronouns

代词

Pronouns also get the -n ending. Note how regularly Esperanto pronouns change as compared to their English counterparts:

代词（当宾语时）同样要加“-n”。注意世界语代词的变化规则以及它和英语之间的对比：

Why many expressions end in -n

为什么有不少表达是以“-n”结尾的？

When you use an expression like “Thanks” in English, you are actually shortening a full statement. As you have just learned, -n indicates the object of the sentence as you can see in the examples below:

当你用英语说类似“Thanks ”（感谢）的表达时，你实际上是将一个完整的表达给缩减了。正如你刚学过的，在下面的例子中，“-n”指代的是句子里的宾语。

Dankon = Mi donas al vi dankon.

我向你表达谢意

Thanks = I give you thanks. ("thanks" is the object of the sentence).

Thanks=我给你谢意 （“thanks”是句子里的宾语）

Saluton! = Mi donas al vi saluton.

saluton!=我向你表示问候

Hi!/Hello!/Greetings! = I give you greetings. ("greetings" is the object)

我向你打招呼（“greetings”是宾语）

Feliĉan novan jaron! = Mi deziras al vi feliĉan novan jaron!Happy new year! = I wish you a happy new year! ("happy new year" is the object)

我祝福你新年快乐！/新年快乐！/我祝愿你新年快乐！

Prepositions

介词

The noun following a preposition normally takes a simple -o ending (-oj in the plural). Other endings will be explained later. For example:

名词跟在介词的后面时，通常用“-o”（“-oj”为复数）词尾。使用其他的词尾会在后面解释：

La virino estas en la kafejo. 
The woman is in the café.

那个女人在咖啡厅

Ni iras al la parko.
We go to the park.

我们去公园

原文：http://www.duolingo.cn/skill/eo/Accusative/tips-and-notes

翻译：vanilo

2018/7/25        22:20