（转）柬埔寨历史资料翻译-美军1970-1973对柬埔寨轰炸 美国空军播撒的饥饿之种
1975年 4月，越南西贡解放前两周，一群衣衫褴褛、瘦弱而年轻的农民男女在邻国柬埔寨击败了美国支持的政府。1979年 1月，约 44个月后，这个新政权被入侵的越南士兵赶下台并被拆散。
这段时期的短暂是其难以理解的部分原因。此外，没有全面的目击报告，甚至连一些基本事实都在研究柬埔寨（或高棉，因为它在该国的高棉语里被如此称呼）的人之间存在争议。一个主要的困难是，由波尔布特领导的安卡（柬共）在大部分掌权时间对其政策和目标甚至存在秘不告人，从那时起，他们之中无一人出面捍卫其路线。然而，这一时期的迷雾的主要原因是反动的共识已被施加，它已被媒体灌进了人们的头脑，且几乎没有反对声音。每当提到波尔布特时（通常，考虑到民主柬埔寨政权灭亡已经二十年），结论总是一样的：革命比它声称要治愈的社会弊病更糟糕。许多研究关注的是关于民主柬埔寨时期死亡人数的未证实的数据，以证明将美国驱赶出东南亚的红色高棉比帝国主义者更糟糕。
然而事实真的是这样吗？需要为柬埔寨负责的是否真的只有安卡的枪械酷刑？200万人命的大多数是死于子弹，砍刀，审讯还是空袭之后无法产出大米的焦土？这一复杂的历史事件真的可以归咎于少数臆病者的妄想空谈？还是看看接下来的资料吧
原文历史资料整理者：国际反战人士泰勒·欧文和本·基尔南。
article by Taylor Owen and Ben Kiernan
mapping by Taylor Owen
轰炸地图绘制者：国际反战人士泰勒·欧文
Notice: this article is a translation for the evidence and static analasis section, but I only agree a part of the author's opinion. I'm sorry that there was a revision mistake the initial version of the translation, which has been corrected.
New information reveals that Cambodia was bombed far more heavily during the Vietnam War than previously believed—and that the bombing began not under Richard Nixon, but under Lyndon Johnson.
新解密的历史档案显示，越南战争期间柬埔寨遭到的轰炸比以前认为的要严重得多——而且轰炸不是在理查德·尼克松总统的批准下开始的，而是在林登·约翰逊总统的领导下开始的。
To put 2,756,941 tons into perspective, the Allies dropped just over 2 million tons of bombs during all of World War II. Cambodia may be the most heavily bombed country in history.The
motives that lead locals to help insurgencies do not fit into strategic rationales. Those whose lives have been ruined don’t care about geopolitics; they tend to blame the attackers.
从不完全统计后的 2,756,941 吨来看，盟军在整个二战期间投下了才200 万吨当量的炸弹，包括袭击广岛和长崎的原子弹：分别为 15,000 吨和 20,000 吨。柬埔寨受到相当于200多枚原子弹当量的轰炸，很可能是人类历史上被轰炸最严重的国家
广岛原子弹对每个广岛市民人均当量62.5公斤，而美军在柬埔寨投弹275万吨对照当时柬埔寨500万人口人均当量500公斤。按战前700万人计算人均393公斤)，超过了广岛原子弹人均当量的6倍，相当于柬埔寨全国被原子弹摧毁6次以上
惨无人道的轰炸恰恰成为促使柬埔寨人民支持红色高棉的动机之一。被轰炸的人民可不关心美国的地缘政治，他们倾向于谴责侵略者。(注:平民伤亡对照:越南战争对越南本土投弹500万吨，平民死亡300万人左右)
2000年秋天，在越南战争结束 25 年后，比尔·克林顿成为自理查德·尼克松以来第一位访问
越南的美国总统。虽然媒体对这次旅行的报道主要是关于约 2000 名美军士兵被归类为在行动中失踪的历史问题，但一个具有重大历史意义的小举动几乎没有引起人们的注意。作为一种人道主义姿态，克林顿公布了1964 年至1975 年间所有美国轰炸印度支那的大量空军数据。
该数据库使用IBM设计的开创性系统进行记录，提供了有关在越南、老挝和柬埔寨进行的出击空军出动记录的大量信息。
The still-incomplete database (it has several “dark” periods) reveals that from October 4, 1965, to August 15, 1973, the United States dropped far more ordnance on Cambodia than was previously believed: 2,756,941 tons’ worth, dropped in 230,516 sorties on 113,716 sites. Just over 10 percent of this bombing was indiscriminate, with 3,580 of the sites listed as having “unknown” targets and another 8,238 sites having no target listed at all. The database also shows that the bombing began four years earlier than is widely believed—not under Nixon, but under Lyndon Johnson.
仍然不完整的数据库（它有几个“空白”时期）显示，从1965 年 10 月 4 日到1973 年8 月15 日，美国在柬埔寨投放的弹药比以前认为的要多得多：共计2,756,941吨，在113,716个目标共计进行230,516次投弹行动。略超过 10 % 的轰炸是不分青红皂白的，其中3,580个地点被列为“未知”目标，另外8,238个地点根本没有目标。该数据库还显示，轰炸开始的时间比人们普遍认为的要早四年——不是在尼克松总统的领导下，而是在林登·约翰逊总统的领导下。
当时柬埔寨只有500万人口，人均被炸当量500多公斤(按战前700万人计算人均393公斤)，相当于广岛原子弹对广岛市民人均核爆当量62.5公斤的6倍。
这次轰炸的影响是过去三十年争论不休的主题，现在比以往任何时候都更加清晰。柬埔寨的平民伤亡将愤怒的民众推向了在轰炸开始之前获得相对较少支持的起义者的怀抱，从而推动越南战争深入柬埔寨，这是1970 年的事变，迅速红色高棉崛起。
数据表明，一个国家选择退出冲突的方式可能会产生灾难性的后果。因此，它也涉及当代
战争，包括美国在伊拉克的行动。尽管有许多不同之处，但伊拉克战争与柬埔寨
冲突有一个关键的相似之处：越来越依赖空中力量来对抗多变、多变的起义。
We heard a terrifying noise which shook the ground; it was as if the earth trembled, rose up and opened beneath our feet. Enormous explosions lit up the sky like huge bolts of lightning; it was the American B-52s.
—Cambodian bombing survivor
我们听到了可怕的声音，震动了地面；就好像大地在我们脚下颤抖起来，升起并张开。巨大的爆炸像巨大的闪电一样照亮了天空；那是美国的 B-52机群。
——柬埔寨地毯式轰炸幸存者
On December 9, 1970, US President Richard Nixon telephoned his national-security adviser, Henry Kissinger, to discuss the ongoing bombing of Cambodia. This sideshow to the war in Vietnam, begun in 1965 under the Johnson administration, had already seen 475,515 tons of ordnance dropped on Cambodia, which had been a neutral kingdom until nine months before the phone call, when pro-US General Lon Nol seized power.The first intense series of bombings, the Menu campaign on targets in Cambodia’s border areas—labelled Breakfast, Lunch, Supper, Dinner, Desert, and Snack by American commanders—had concluded in May, shortly after the coup.
1970年 12 月 9 日，美国总统理查德尼克松打电话给他的国家安全顾问亨利·基辛格，讨论正在进行的对柬埔寨的轰炸。这场始于 1965 年在约翰逊政府领导下的越南战争的扩大化战区，这时已有 475,515 吨的炸弹投向了柬埔寨，直到 9 个月前亲美的朗诺将军打通电话之前，柬埔寨还是一个中立的王国。朗诺发动军事事变夺取了政权。第一次激烈的轰炸中，针对柬埔寨边境地区平民目标的“菜单”运动——由美国指挥部标记为早餐、午餐、晚餐、晚餐、甜点和小吃——在政变后不久于 5 月结束。
Nixon was facing growing congressional opposition to his Indochina policy. A joint US–South Vietnam ground invasion of Cambodia in May and June of 1970 had failed to root out Vietnamese Communists, and Nixon now wanted to covertly escalate the air attacks, which were aimed at destroying the mobile headquarters of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army (vc/nva) in the Cambodian jungle. After telling Kissinger that the US Air Force was being unimaginative, Nixon demanded more bombing, deeper into the country: “They have got to go in there and I mean really go in...I want everything that can fly to go in there and crack the hell out of them. There is no limitation on mileage and there is no limitation on budget. Is that clear?”
尼克松正面临越来越多的国会反对他的印度支那政策。1970 年 5 月和 6 月美南越联合
地面入侵柬埔寨未能根除越共，尼克松现在想暗中升级空袭，旨在摧毁越共与柬埔寨丛林中的北越军队（ vc/nva）。在告诉基辛格美国空军缺乏想象力后，尼克松要求进行更多轰炸，深入柬埔寨：“我们的空军必须进入那里，我的意思是真的进入...... . . 我命令我们的空军让所有能飞的东西都进去，把这个国家变成地狱！我命令空军执行这项命令，没有轰炸范围限制，也没有预算限制。明白了吗？”
Kissinger knew that this order ignored Nixon’s promise to Congress that US planes would remain within thirty kilometres of the Vietnamese border, his own assurances to the public that bombing would not take place within a kilometre of any village, and military assessments stating that air strikes were like poking a beehive with a stick. He responded hesitantly:“The problem is, Mr. President, the Air Force is designed to fight an air battle against the Soviet Union. They are not designed for this war...in fact, they are not designed for any war we are likely to have to fight.”
基辛格知道，这一命令无视尼克松对国会的承诺，即美国飞机将停留在越南边境三十公里范围内，他自己向公众保证不会在任何村庄一公里范围内发生轰炸，以及军方评估指出，空袭就像用棍子戳蜂箱。他迟疑地回答：“问题是，总统先生，空军旨在与苏联交战。它们不是为这场战争而设计的。事实上，它们并不是为我们现在可能打的任何战争而设计的。”
Five minutes after his conversation with Nixon ended, Kissinger called General Alexander Haig to relay the new orders from the president: “He wants a massive bombing campaign in Cambodia. He doesn’t want to hear anything. It’s an order, it’s to be done. Anything that flies, on anything that moves. You got that?” The response from Haig, barely audible on tape, sounds like laughter.
与尼克松的谈话结束五分钟后，基辛格打电话给美国空军司令亚历山大·黑格将军，转达尼克松总统的新命令：“他希望在柬埔寨发动大规模轰炸行动。他什么都不想听。这是命令，必须完成。出动任何会飞的东西，任何会动的东西。你明白了吗？”黑格的回答在录音带上几乎听不见，听起来像是笑声。
Air operations were subject to rules of engagement that prohibited the use of B-52s against targets closer than one kilometre to friendly forces, villages, hamlets, houses, monuments, temples, pagodas, or holy places.—henry kissinger, ending the vietnam war
Hundreds of examples of villages being bombed can be extrapolated from the database, countering Kissinger’s claim. The “after” map shows the destruction of villages in Kandal Province, southwest of Phnom Penh, by 6,418 tons of ordnance dropped between Nov. 7, 1972, and Aug. 14, 1973. Black dots represent huts, red dots are bombing points, and red circles are areas carpet bombed by B-52s.
空中作战必须遵守交战规则，禁止使用 B-52打击距离友军、村庄、小村庄、房屋、纪念碑、寺庙、宝塔或圣地不到一公里的目标。——亨利·基辛格，越南战争结束时的外交辞令
数以百计的村庄被轰炸的例子可以从数据库中得知，这与基辛格的说法截然相反。“事后”地图显示，1972 年11 月7日至1973 年8 月14日期间， 6,418吨炸弹摧毁了金边西南部干丹省的村庄。黑点代表小屋，红点是轰炸点，红圈是被B-52地毯式轰炸的投弹区域。
The US bombing of Cambodia remains a divisive and iconic topic. It was a mobilizing issue for the antiwar movement and is still cited regularly as an example of American war crimes. Writers such as Noam Chomsky, Christopher Hitchens, and William Shawcross emerged as influential political voices after condemning the bombing and the foreign policy it symbolized.
美国轰炸柬埔寨仍然是一个具有分裂性和标志性的话题。这是反战运动的一个动员问题，并且仍然经常被引用为美国战争罪行的一个例子。诺姆·乔姆斯基、克里斯托弗·希钦斯和威廉·肖克罗斯等作家在谴责轰炸事件及其象征的外交政策后，成为有影响力的政治声音。
In the years since the Vietnam War, something of a consensus has emerged on the extent of US involvement in Cambodia. The details are controversial, but the narrative begins on March 18, 1969, when the United States launched the Menu campaign. The joint US– South Vietnam ground offensive followed. For the next three years, the United States continued with air strikes under Nixon’s orders, hitting deep inside Cambodia’s borders, first to root out the vc/nva and later to protect the Lon Nol regime from growing numbers of Cambodian Communist forces. Congress cut funding for the war and imposed an end to the bombing on August 15, 1973, amid calls for Nixon’s impeachment for his deceit in escalating the campaign.
自越南战争以来的几年里，关于美国在柬埔寨的参与程度已经形成了某种共识。细节存在争议，但故事始于1969 年 3 月 18 日，当时美国发起了菜单运动。随后美国与南越联合发起对柬埔寨的地面入侵。在接下来的三年里，美国在尼克松的命令下继续进行空袭，深入柬埔寨边境，首先是为了”围剿“vc/nva（越共） ，后来是为了保护朗诺傀儡正权，防止其被柬共击败。.1973 年 8 月 15 日，在要求弹劾尼克松以欺骗升级竞选活动的呼声中，国会名义上结束了对柬埔寨的地毯式全面性的战略轰炸。
Thanks to the database, we now know that the US bombardment started three-and-a-half years earlier, in 1965, under the Johnson administration. What happened in 1969 was not the start of bombings in Cambodia but the escalation into carpet bombing. From 1965 to 1968, 2,565 sorties took place over Cambodia, with 214 tons of bombs dropped. These early strikes were likely tactical, designed to support the nearly two thousand secret ground incursions conducted by the cia and US Special Forces during that period. B-52s—long-range bombers capable of carrying very heavy loads—were not deployed, whether out of concern for Cambodian lives or the country’s neutrality, or because carpet bombing was believed to be of limited strategic value.
多亏了数据库，我们现在知道美军对柬埔寨的越境轰炸始于三年半前，即 1965 年，当时是约翰逊政府。1969 年发生的事情并不是柬埔寨轰炸事件的开始，而是升级为地毯式轰炸。从1965 年到 1968 年，柬埔寨上空出动了 2,565 架次，投下了 214 吨炸弹。这些早期的越境空袭很可能是战术性的，旨在支持美国中情局和美国特种部队在此期间进行的近两千次秘密地面入侵。B-52——能够携带非常重载荷的远程轰炸机——这时候还没有部署，无论是出于对柬埔寨国家中立的关注，还是因为地毯式轰炸被认为具有有限的战略价值。
Nixon decided on a different course, and beginning in 1969 the Air Force deployed B-52s over Cambodia. The new rationale for the bombings was that they would keep enemy forces at bay long enough to allow the United States to withdraw from Vietnam. Former US General Theodore Mataxis depicted the move as “a holding action.... The troika’s going down the road and the wolves are closing in, and so you throw them something off and let them chew it.” The result was that Cambodians essentially became cannon fodder to protect American lives.
尼克松决定另辟蹊径，从 1969 年开始，空军在柬埔寨上空部署 B-52。地毯式覆盖轰炸的新理由是他们将使敌军陷入足够长的时间，以使美国能够从越南撤军。美国前将军西奥多·马塔西斯将这一举动描述为“一个控股行动”。. . . 三驾马车在路上，狼群正在逼近，所以你把东西扔给它们，让它们咀嚼。” 结果是柬埔寨人基本上成了保护美国人生命的炮灰。
The last phase of the bombing, from February to August 1973, was designed to stop the Khmer Rouge’s advance on the Cambodian capital, Phnom Penh. The United States, fearing that the first Southeast Asian domino was about to fall, began a massive escalation of the air war—an unprecedented B-52 bombardment that focused on the heavily populated area around Phnom Penh but left few regions of the country untouched. The extent of this bombardment has only now come to light.
轰炸的最后阶段，从1973 年 2 月到 8 月，旨在阻止红色高棉对柬埔寨首都金边的进攻。
美国担心第一张东南亚多米诺骨牌即将倒下，开始大规模升级地毯式轰炸——空前的 B-52 轰炸每日达到三千吨（根据上图数据）集中在金边周边人口极度稠密的地区，但只留下了该国少数地区未触及。这次轰炸的程度现在才被曝光。
The data released by Clinton shows the total payload dropped during these years to be nearly five times greater than the generally accepted figure. To put the revised total of 2,756,941 tons into perspective, the Allies dropped just over 2 million tons of bombs during all of World War II, including the bombs that struck Hiroshima and Nagasaki: 15,000 and 20,000 tons, respectively. Cambodia may well be the most heavily bombed country in history.
克林顿公布的数据显示，美军在柬埔寨投弹量，是之前历史学家估计的五倍。从不完全统计后的 2,756,941 吨来看，盟军在整个二战期间投下了才200 万吨当量的炸弹，包括袭击广岛和长崎的原子弹：分别为 15,000 吨和 20,000 吨。柬埔寨受到相当于200多枚原子弹当量的轰炸，很可能是人类历史上被轰炸最严重的国家。
Asingle B-52d “Big Belly” payload consists of up to 108 225-kilogram or 42 340-kilogram bombs, which are dropped on a target area of approximately 500 by 1,500 metres. In many cases, Cambodian villages were hit with dozens of payloads over the course of several hours. The result was near-total destruction. One US official stated at the time, “We had been told, as had everybody. . .that those carpetbombing attacks by B-52s were totally devastating, that nothing could survive.” Previously, it was estimated that between 50,000 and 150,000 Cambodian civilians were killed by the bombing. Given the fivefold increase in tonnage revealed by the database, the number of casualties is surely higher.
一架B -52 D “大肚皮”有效载荷由多达 108 225 公斤或 42 340 公斤的炸弹组成，投掷到大约 500 x 1,500 米的目标区域。很多时候，柬埔寨普通小村庄在几个小时内遭到数十枚重型炸弹的火力覆盖。结果几乎是整个村庄几乎灭绝。一位美国军官表示，“我们被告知，每个人都如此。. . B-52的地毯式轰炸是完全是毁灭性的，没有任何东西可以幸存。” 此前，美国历史学家推测估计有50,000 至 150,000 名柬埔寨平民在轰炸中丧生。鉴于解密数据库显示的投弹吨位超过历史学家估计五倍，柬埔寨平民的实际伤亡人数绝对比美国历史学家起初的估计高得多。
The Cambodian bombing campaign had two unintended side effects that ultimately combined to produce the very domino effect that the Vietnam War was supposed to prevent. First, the bombing forced the Vietnamese Communists deeper and deeper into Cambodia, bringing them into greater contact with Khmer Rouge insurgents. Second, the bombs drove ordinary Cambodians into the arms of the Khmer Rouge, a group that seemed initially to have slim prospects of revolutionary success. Pol Pot himself described the Khmer Rouge during that period as “fewer than five thousand poorly armed guerrillas . . . scattered across the Cambodian landscape, uncertain about their strategy, tactics, loyalty, and leaders.”
柬埔寨的轰炸行动有两个意想不到的副作用，最终结合起来产生了越南战争本应防止的多米诺骨牌效应。首先，轰炸迫使越共越来越深入柬埔寨，使他们与红色高棉起义者有更多的接触。其次，炸弹更加将普通柬埔寨人推入了红色高棉的怀抱，这个组织最初似乎在格命成功方面前景渺茫。在那期间，波er布特本人描述了起初的红色高棉为“不到五千名武装不足的游击队。. . 分散在柬埔寨各地，不确定他们的战略、战术、忠诚度和领导者。
Years after the war ended, journal ist Bruce Palling asked Chhit Do, a former Khmer Rouge officer, if his forces had used the bombing as anti-American propaganda. Chhit replied: Every time after there had been bombing, they would take the people to see the craters, to see how big and deep the craters were, to see how the earth had been gouged out and scorched. . . . The ordinary people sometimes literally shit in their pants when the big bombs and shells came. Their minds just froze up and they would wander around mute for three or four days. Terrified and half crazy, the people were ready to believe what they were told. It was because of their dissatisfaction with the bombing that they kept on co-operating with the Khmer Rouge, joining up with the Khmer Rouge, sending their children off to go with them.... Sometimes the bombs fell and hit little children, and their fathers would be all for the Khmer Rouge.
战争结束后，记者布鲁斯·帕林询问前红色高棉领导人 Chhit Do，他的部队是否将轰炸用作反美宣传。Chhit Do回答：”每次轰炸后，他们都会带人去看陨石坑那么大的蛋坑，看看蛋坑有多大，有多深，看看焦土是怎样的。. . . 当大炸弹和炮弹来袭时，普通人有时会尿裤子。他们的头脑只是僵住了，他们会在安静的地方徘徊三四天。人们吓坏了，半疯了。因为对轰炸的不满，他们更加与红色高棉合作，加入红色高棉，送他们的孩子一起去。. . . 有时炸弹掉下来击中小孩子，他们的父亲会全力支持红色高棉。”
Stated one survivor: “The people were angry with the US, and that is why so many of them joined the Khmer Communists.”
一位轰炸幸存者说：“人们对美国感到愤怒，这就是为什么这么多人加入了高棉共产党。”
The Nixon administration knew that the Khmer Rouge was winning over peasants. The cia’s Directorate of Operations, after investigations south of Phnom Penh, reported in May 1973 that the Communists were “using damage caused by B-52 strikes as the main theme of their propaganda.” But this does not seem to have registered as a primary strategic concern.
尼克松政府知道红色高棉正在争取农民。美国中央情报局行动局在金边以南进行调查后，于 1973 年 5 月报告说，共产党人“将B-52 空袭造成的破坏作为他们宣传的主题”。但他们似乎没有把这个作为首要战略关注点。
The Nixon administration kept the air war secret for so long that debate over its impact came far too late. It wasn’t until 1973 that Congress, angered by the destruction the campaign had caused and the systematic deception that had masked it, legislated a halt to the bombing of Cambodia. By then, the damage was already done. Having grown to more than two hundred thousand troops and militia forces by 1973, the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh two years later.
尼克松政府长期对地毯式轰炸保密，以至于关于其影响的辩论为时已晚。直到1973 年，国会对这场运动造成的破坏和掩盖它的系统性欺骗感到愤怒，才形式上停止地毯式轰炸柬埔寨。到那时，伤害已经造成。到1973 年，红色高棉已发展到超过 20万军队和民兵，两年后占领了金边。
原文地址：https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/544210370
一些自己想说的
轰炸带来的伤亡，红高自己的反动之处先不论——美国空军在化为焦土的农田中种下了饥荒的种子，柬埔寨人不幸地收获了这一惨痛的果实。这我想从上面这一系列触目惊心的数据和记录中便能看出来了，各位目田在借着红高攻击他，攻击马主义之余，倒也可以想想是谁把柬埔寨人逼到红高那边，也想想柬埔寨人间惨案的首要罪人是谁
