K400V2S01S2Q01-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.  

Filipino Americans

Arts

文学作品中对于菲律宾裔美国人身份认同的记录 ★★★

①Whereas Carlos Bulosan aimed through fiction and personal testimony to advance both Filipino civil rights in the United States and the social transformation of the Philippines, Yen Le Espiritu has set herself the task of recovering life histories of Filipino Americans. ②Her work brings Filipino Americans of the generation following the 1934-1965 immigration hiatus graphically to life. ③A special strength is the representation of Filipino American women, who were scarce among immigrants before the 1934 American curb on Filipino immigration but composed more than half of the immigrants to America since liberalization in 1965. ④Espiritu’s subjects document their changing sense of Filipino identity in the United States, much as Bulosan did as a member of the first substantial wave of immigrants. 

CB想通过小说和亲身经历来同时推动菲律宾人在美国的公民权利以及菲律宾的社会转型，但是YLE的方式是重现菲裔美国人的生活历史。她的作品生动还原了随着1934-1965移民空窗后的一代菲律宾裔美国人。特别是对其中女性的描述。女性移民在1934年之前美国限制菲律宾移民时很少，但是自1965年放开限制之后女性移民占比超过了一半。E记录了她们在美国身份认知的改变，正如B作为第一个移民潮的一员也是如此。

① 客观对比

↓

②顺承事实

↓

③顺承事实

↓

④顺承事实

1. According to the passage, both Bulosan and Espiritu do which of the following in their work?

细节题。易

直接信息题。注意题干核心词both，要找B和E的相同。对应最后一句，都记录了身份认同的改变。

D

A. Consider generational differences in Filipino immigrants’ responses to life in the United States 没有differences的证据。

B. Attempt to make allowance for the demographic variations among Filipino immigrants to the United States 没有demographic variaition的证据。

C. Employ fiction in addition to documenting actual life histories of Filipino immigrants to the United States 这是B干的

D. Represent how life in the United States has affected immigrants’ sense of Filipino identity

E. Examine the effects on Filipinos in the United States of the 1934 American curb on Filipino immigration 这时E的。同时也没有effects的证据

2. In the context in which it appears, “graphically” most nearly means 

词汇题。易

graphically: ① in the form of drawing or diagrams; ②very clearly and in great ditail，形象、生动、逼真地

E

A. in writing  

B. by means of drawing  这个取的是本义

C. impressionistically  凭印象地，主观地

D. diagrammatically  也是本义

E. vividly 生动地

生词摘录：

hiatus: (formal) a break or interruption in an activity 停顿，间断

curb 控制，约束，抑制

背景拓展：

卡洛斯·布洛桑，菲律宾作家、诗人、行动主义者。布洛桑出生和成长于吕宋岛邦噶锡南省比纳洛南乡下。1930年，迫于生计，他离开当时仍属美国殖民地的故土，以侨民身份去到宗主国，从此再未回返。《老爸的笑声》部分篇章曾发表于《纽约客》等杂志，是其代表作之一。

菲律宾曾被西班牙殖民统治，居民多为天主教徒，后来由于西方殖民势力之间你争我夺，布洛桑出生时菲律宾已沦为美国殖民地，因而他的身份是可以自由出入美国的侨民，却无权成为“归化的美国公民”。他为了寻求更好的生计，于1930年赴美，首站就是西雅图，之后从未返回故乡，因此西雅图既是他美国之旅的起点，也是终点，却终其一生都不是美国公民。这些另类的成分使得他在美国文学与亚美文学中独具一格。

“这是第一次，菲律宾人民以‘人’[human beings]的身份被书写下来。”

距离布洛桑的墓园车程仅一刻钟之外的另一亚裔名人李小龙（Bruce Lee, 1940—1973）安息的湖景墓园（Lakeview Cemetery）。“李振藩”

1898年4月25日美国为了想要殖民地，正式向西班牙开战。

1898年12月10日，美国与西班牙在巴黎签订和约： 西班牙将波多黎各、关岛和菲律宾转让美国；美国为获得菲律宾向西班牙交付2000万美元作为抵偿。

美国殖民者镇压了菲律宾的独立起义军，还杀了很多土著，菲律宾人民也是反抗殖民统治的。反美情绪高涨之下，美国被迫改变了政策，在太平洋战争爆发前，美国已经许诺菲律宾独立，但有一个10年的过渡期的。

1934年通过《泰丁斯－麦克杜菲法案》(Tydings-McDuffie Act)，宣布在菲实行10年自治过渡体制，同时将当时在美国的菲律宾人定义为外国人，并设定了每年50名菲律宾人的美国公民名额。（菲律宾人以侨民身份进入美国后，抢走了白人的工作，在一些地区引发了反移民情绪和骚乱。

1965年10月3日，美国国会通过了《移民与国籍法修订案》，总统约翰逊在自由女神像下签署了它，这被认为是20世纪美国自由主义的三大标杆之一。

没有这个法案，就没有后来自由、开放、繁荣的美国。

这项法案彻底废除了旧有的种族歧视和国籍歧视条款，其配额限制仅分为东西半球两个部分，东半球每年17万人、西半球每年12万人（东西半球的差异配额在1976年被取消），每个国家每年最高限额2万人（1978年被取消，但全球29万的总数不变）。

这些条款虽然有些人权方面的考虑，但实用主义至上的原则仍然是贯穿始终的。美国当时的司法部长表示，选择移民的依据是看他们能为经济和社会发展作出什么贡献、而不是看他们生在哪里。

嘴上都是主义，心里都是生意。

美国人放开移民，虽然表面上是反种族歧视、倡导人权、自由、平等，但实际上是想从全球吸纳各路精英人才。约翰逊总统在签署法律时就说，能对美国的发展、实力、精神作出最多贡献的人，将首先进入这个国家。

1965年的移民法案对美国的发展太重要了，原先的种族、国籍等条条框框的东西都被打破了，只要你能为美国好好做贡献、美国就欢迎你。

自此之后，美国从全球各国网罗精英人才的能力大大加强，坚实的人才储备为美国的发展打下了牢固的根基。

为了更好的吸引人才，美国在1990年又修改和细化了移民法，推出《美国新移民法》。

新移民法将移民配额分成职业类移民和亲属类移民。其中还特别新增了投资移民，你要能在美国的发达地区投100万美元或在欠发达地区投50万美元、并能提供不少于10个工作岗位，那你和你的老婆孩子就有可能获得移民美国的许可。

美国人希望用更完备的法律来提升移民的知识结构和人口素质、大力引进人才和资金为美国社会的发展添砖加瓦。

然而你大肆放开移民，进来的不可能都是人才，毕竟人才永远是少数。放开移民给美国带来的最大的冲击，就是非法移民的大规模涌入。

从1965年移民法案颁布开始，来自世界各地的移民就开始大规模涌入美国。尤其是到了1980年代，涌入美国的拉美人、东南亚人之规模，庞大到数以百万计。仅仅在1980年一年，就有12万古巴移民进入佛罗里达州的基韦斯特小岛上。

当世界各地的人大规模移民美国时，大量的非法移民、难民也成规模的涌入。根据1980年美国的统计，仅仅来自墨西哥的非法移民就有大约540万-679万人。

虽然他们不是通过正规渠道进来的，但是你大肆放开移民、标榜自由人权，整个社会对于移民和难民的警惕性就松懈了、对他们的容忍度就提高了，那在非法移民和难民大肆涌入之后，时间长了必然会引发巨大的社会问题。

美国人也不是不知道，大量非法移民和难民的涌入带来的社会危害，但是为了让“自由灯塔”能够继续照亮西方世界，那就不能把这些人全都赶走。

美国在1980年通过了《难民法》，为进一步接纳、安置难民提供法律保障。

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage. 

★★★★

monogamous / male care

Sciences/biology

灵长类一夫一妻和雄性养育之间的关系

题型优先级判定：

3. The author of the passage implies that most primate researchers 间接细节+态度

4. According to the passage, the evolutionary relationship between male care and monogamy is 直接细节题

5. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? 直接细节题，也可以算是主旨了。

6. If the assumptions of both Kleiman and Symon are true, which of the following statements is most likely true? 推断题

①The main exception to primate researchers' general pattern of ignoring interactions between males and infants has been the study of male care among monogamous primates. ②It has been known for over 200 years, ever since a zoologist-illustrator named George Edwards decided to watch the behavior of pet marmosets in a London garden, that among certain species of New World monkeys males contributed direct care for infants that equaled or exceeded that given by females. ③Mothers among marmosets and tamarins typically give birth to twins, as often as twice a year, and to ease the female in her staggering reproductive burden the male carries the infant at all times except when the mother is actually suckling it. ④It was assumed by Kleiman that monogamy and male confidence of paternity were essential to the evolution of such care, and at the same time, it was assumed by Symons and others that monogamy among primates must be fairly rare.  

灵长类研究中普遍忽略雄性和幼体间的互动，但对于一夫一妻的灵长类动物的雄性养育的研究是个例外。自从GC决定观察伦敦公园里的狨猴行为的200年来，人们一直知道，一些品种的公猴带孩子不比母猴少。母猴一般一年两次产下双胞胎，为了减轻母猴的负担，公猴会在母猴哺乳的时候以外一直带着小猴。K认为一夫一妻制和雄性的自信导致了这种养育模式，同时，S和其他人认为灵长类动物中的一夫一妻情况是很少的。（读完最后一句可以做6。）

①Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture. ②First of all, monogamy among primates turns out to be rather more frequent than previously believed (either obligate or facultive monogamy can be documented for some 17-20 percent of extant primates) and second, male care turns out to be far more extensive than previously thought and not necessarily confined to monogamous species, according to Hrdy. ③Whereas previously, it was assumed that monogamy and male certainty of paternity facilitated the evolution of male care, it now seems appropriate to consider the alternative possibility, whether the extraordinary capacity of male primates to look out for the fates of infants did not in some way pre-adapt members of this order for the sort of close, long-term relationships between males and females that, under some ecological circumstances, leads to monogamy! ④Either scenario could be true. ⑤The point is that on the basis of present knowledge there is no reason to view male care as a restricted or specialized phenomenon. ⑥In sum, though it remains true that mothers among virtually all primates devote more time and/or energy to rearing infants than do males, males nonetheless play a more varied and critical role in infant survival than is generally realized. 

但是近期的发现带来了相反的结论。首先，一夫一妻制要比之前认为的更多；其次，H发现，不只一夫一妻制的种类也会有这种雄性养育 。尽管之前人们认为一夫一妻和雄性自信引发了雄性养育，现在看来倒过来也有可能。两种情况都有可能。依目前已掌握情况来看，并不能认为雄性养育属于少数特有的现象。因此，尽管雌性在照顾幼体上花费了比雄性更多的时间和精力，雄性在其中也扮演了多样而重要的角色。

3. The author of the passage implies that most primate researchers 

间接细节+态度，其实定位就在第一句。

D

A. incorrectly assume that, among primates, females provide the bulk of infant care 首先无关，其次相反。并不是incorrectly，在最后一句以事实呈现。不反驳。

B. deliberately exaggerate the frequency of male care in monogamous primate species 没有deliberately, exaggerate, frequency的证据

C. erroneously claim that male care of infants evolved before monogamy among primates 强干扰项。与二段③相反。

D. unjustifiably neglect the relationship between male primates and infants 符合第一句话描述。

E. regularly underestimate the importance of female care among primates 没有证据/相反

4. According to the passage, the evolutionary relationship between male care and monogamy is 

直接细节。不好定位，需要结合作者观点。根据二段倒数第三句信息知道，目前还没有定论。

E

A. incontestable  无可争辩

B. immutable  不变

C. uncommon  

D. immaterial  不相关；无形的

E. uncertain 

5. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? 

细节题。

看似细节，其实偏主旨题。题干属于定位失效。

D

A. Primates that give birth to twins uniformly demonstrate higher rates of male care than do primates that give birth to single infants.  原文并未出现这个比较。

B. New World monkeys generally show higher incidences of monogamy than do other primate species. 没有比较。

C. Care of infants of male primates occurs only in those species in which monogamy is observed. 相反。对应二段倒数第二句。

D. The majority of primate species do not exhibit monogamous behavior. 符合一段结尾描述

E. Male care of infants in primates is dependent on male confidence of paternity. 常错干扰。原文也说倒过来也可能。对应二段倒数第三句。

6. If the assumptions of both Kleiman and Symon are true, which of the following statements is most likely true? 

逻辑题，推断。

一段最后一句：K认为一夫一妻制和雄性的自信导致了这种养育模式，同时，S和其他人认为灵长类动物中的一夫一妻情况是很少的。

B

A. Monogamy is common among New World monkeys. 相反

B. Male care of infants has infrequently evolved in primates. 可以

C. Monogamous primates generally exhibit male care of infants. 没有generallly的证据

D. Evolution has favored male confidence of paternity in primates. 没有favored证据

E. Nonmonogamous primates sometimes display male care of infants. 推不出非一夫一妻的情况。

生词摘录：

monogamous /məˈnɑːɡəməs/ 一夫一妻的

marmoset 狨猴

tamarin 绢毛猴，怪柳猴

staggering 令人吃惊的

facultive 任意的，偶发的

Question 7 is based on this passage. 

ice age / dust / atmosphere

Sciences/environment

大气中的灰尘是保温还是降温★★★

Samples taken from the ice of glaciers show that during the last ice age there was far more dust in the atmosphere than there is now. Since greater amounts of dust in the atmosphere would result in less sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface, it is likely that the large amount of dust then present helped maintain low global temperatures and thus prolonged the ice age.

因为大气中的尘埃会减少抵达地球表面的阳光，所以当时大气中大量的尘埃延长了冰川期。

7. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? 

削弱

事实=原因=论据=发现大量尘埃

观点=结果=论点=尘埃会延长冰川期

这一题找他果来削弱。找有尘埃的他果。这一题选项上玩了文字游戏，不过结合逻辑收敛可解。

D

A. The distribution of dust in Earth’s atmosphere is never entirely uniform. 与分布无关。不是他果。

B. The glacial samples show that at various times since the last ice age, there has been less dust in the atmosphere than there was during the period between the last two ice ages. 冰川样本表明，自上一个冰河时代以来的不同时期，大气中的尘埃比上两个冰河时代之间的时期要少。 画个时间轴就好理解了：冰——冰——现。第二个破折号比第一个破折号时期的灰尘要少。我问冰期，你给我整间冰期干啥。。

C. Ice more effectively reflects sunlight away from Earth than dust does. 不要跟我扯别的。告诉我灰尘的事。

D. In general, the clearer the atmosphere, the faster heat from sunlight that reaches Earth’s surface escapes back into outer space. 空气清洁（灰尘少），热量散的更快。也就是说，空气里灰尘多，地表热散不掉，所以保暖。属于空气中有灰尘的他果。选项陷阱，注意避坑。

E. Thick sheets of ice can keep heat from inside a planet from escaping into the atmosphere.跟冰层厚度无关

Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage. 

French films / Hollywood / modernist

Arts/film

1920s的法国电影算不上现代主义★★★☆

①French filmmakers of the 1920s emphasized visual style rather than narrative continuity, which was already dominant in the United States and elsewhere. ②Some critics have asserted that since these films flout the cinematic conventions of Hollywood, they should be regarded as important modernist cinema.  ③While a welcome departure from the traditional denigration of 1920s French cinema, this claim overestimates or distorts the achievement of such directors as Gance and L'Herbier, since the Hollywood conventions they did not use were not yet fully established in France, where the Hollywood-style production practices that would have supported these conventions were lacking.  ④Moreover, though 1920s French films should indeed be judged by criteria other than those underlying the Hollywood aesthetic, their slighting of Hollywood conventions does not, by itself, make them modernist or genuine revolutionary, since the weight of nineteenth-century traditions of art and literature on these films—especially in subject matter and ideological assumptions—cannot easily be disregarded. 

①

↓

② ↔ ③ + ④

生词摘录：

flout 无视，嘲笑

denigration 诋毁

slighting 冷落，粗心对待

20世纪20年代的法国电影制片人更加强调视觉风格而非叙述连续性，后者在美国及其他地方已经占据主要地位。一些评论者认为因为这些（法国）电影无视好莱坞的电影传统，它们应该被认为是现代主义电影。尽管在对20世纪20年代的法国电影的普遍诋毁中也有欢迎的声音，但上面的这种观点高估或者歪曲了比如G和L这些导演们的成就，因为他们没用的好莱坞传统那时法国还没有，当时的法国还没有支持这些传统的制片实践。（也就是说，没用好莱坞风格不是不想，而是用不了。）另外，尽管那时的法国电影应该用好莱坞以外的标准来衡量，但是这些电影中体现出来的对好莱坞传统的冷落并不能使他们被称为现代主义或算是一种真正的变革，因为19世纪的艺术和文学传统的对这些电影的影响不能忽视，特别是对主题和意识形态假设的影响。

8. In regard to 1920s French cinema, the passage is primarily concerned with 

主旨题。这篇文章是篇驳论。给出一个观点，反驳这个观点并给出两个理由。

A

A. critiquing an assessment of it 

B. refuting a traditional view of it 干扰项，没有traditional的证据

C. defending it against certain criticisms 驳论文，不是立论

D. assessing its various merits 不是在评估优点

E. evaluating opposing views of it 不是在评价反对观点，而是给出反对观点

9. The author of the passage suggests which of the following about the critics mentioned in the highlighted sentence? 

间接细节题。

作者对高亮句观点持负面评价。首先，通过后一句得知，他们不用好莱坞传统不是不想用，而是用不了。所以不要给这帮人脸上贴金。其次，不能忽视19世纪的艺术和文学传统的对这些电影的影响。

B

A. They have failed to identify the real merits of such directors as Gance and L’Herbier. 相反，作者并不认同后面的两个导演。不仅没有fail，还overestimate了~

B. They have neglected to note the influence of prior aesthetic traditions on 1920s French cinema. 符合最后一句信息。

C. They have overestimated the degree to which modernist cinema diverges from Hollywood conventions. 没有degree的证据。跟原文比，overestimate的对象错了。

D. They have been successful in revising the traditional view of 1920s French cinema. 相反。作者是负评价。同时也没有revising的证据。

E. They have demonstrated that modernist cinema has been partly influenced by the rediscovery of 1920s French cinema. 没有influence的证据

10. Which of the following statements about the “claim” is most consistent with the view expressed by the author of the passage? 

态度题，问作者态度。同9

E

A. The claim has a certain amount of validity but is undermined by its failure to define the qualities that actually characterize modernist cinema. 没有qualities的证据

B. The claim overestimates the achievements of 1920s French cinema to approximately the same degree that earlier assessments underestimated those achievements. 没有程度上的比较。same无证据

C. The claim tends to be more accurate regarding certain directors than regarding other directors. 没有导演之间的比较

D. The claim represents a welcome revival of interest in 1920s French cinema, but it is overly concerned with the types of influences that shaped these films. 前半句看着还行，后半句说反。根据最后一句，并不是overly，而是不能忽略。

E. The claim is an improvement upon an earlier assessment of 1920s French cinema, but in several respects it is mistaken. 符合③句。improvement体现在原句的while的转折上。