十字军东征

第一次十字军东征

自600年始。阿拉伯的正统哈里发倭马亚王朝灭掉了萨珊波斯，向西攻打拜占庭。725年阿拔斯王朝建立，此时圣城耶路撒冷已牢牢掌控在阿拉伯人的手中。约7世纪中叶，突厥人就在贝加尔湖附近形成。到840年，突厥的喀喇汗国已经在黑海和贝加尔湖之间广大的土地上建立。1037年，突厥人塞尔柱克大帝经过西迁南迁，建立塞尔柱帝国。1095年，塞尔柱帝国侵入了拜占庭安纳托利亚，侵占了整个小亚细亚半岛。拜占庭只剩下了希腊，保加利亚，马其顿，塞尔维亚的一部分地区。拜占庭帝国靠着君士坦丁堡和一条窄窄的土耳其海峡严防死守，并向罗马教廷不断呼救。罗马教皇乌尔班二世于是在法兰西王国克莱蒙费朗进行演讲。他对欧洲的基督教徒说：“前往圣地，以上帝之名圣战，得到神的救赎。”在法兰西王国和神圣罗马帝国的各个地区，都掀起了宗教狂热的热浪。

1096年，第一支十字军-民兵十字军从神圣罗马帝国的奥地利边境进入匈牙利，接下来穿过匈牙利的波斯尼亚、塞尔维亚和特兰西瓦尼亚到达君士坦丁堡。但是十字军不听从拜占庭皇帝艾力克塞一世的命令，发生了冲突。渡过土耳其海峡后，在小亚细亚与马尔格堡军激战，全线溃退。1097年，十字军收复鲁姆苏丹国首府尼西亚，在多里莱乌姆之战中大败突厥骑兵。1098年，法蒂玛王朝占领耶路撒冷。十字军拿下安条克，博希穆德在安条克之围成为安条克公国君主。鲍德温成为埃德萨伯爵。的黎波里成为公国。1099年7月，十字军因耶路撒冷战役暂时占领耶路撒冷。法兰克人的王国在耶路撒冷建立。布永的戈弗雷当上国王，只接受“圣墓的保护者”的称号。发生阿什凯隆之战，十字军大获全胜。同时，当月15日，十字军洗劫了拜占庭首都君士坦丁堡，屠杀三千平民。

接下来两百年，欧洲形成了以神圣罗马帝国，法兰西王国，莱昂王国，拜占庭帝国，教皇国，威尼斯共和国，威塞克斯王国（英格兰王国），意大利南部诸国组成的基督教同盟。地中海东部南部也形成了以大摩洛哥帝国，埃及王国，塞尔柱突厥波斯帝国（突厥诸国），突尼斯组成的穆斯林同盟。十字军不断东征穆斯林，神圣罗马帝国施瓦本霍芬斯陶芬王朝的“巴巴罗萨”红胡子腓特烈一世也在第三次十字军东征途中淹死，十字军付出了极大的代价但大多结果都是失败。原因是十字军的装备不适合在叙利亚腹地打仗。今天，我们要辩证地看待十字军东征的历史，而不是去妄加否定或肯定。

The First Crusade

Since 600. The orthodox Arab caliph, the Umayyad Dynasty, destroyed sasanpos and attacked Byzantium westward. The Abbasid Dynasty was established in 725, and the holy city of Jerusalem was firmly in the hands of the Arabs. About the middle of the 7th century, Turks formed near Lake Baikal. By 840, the Turkic Khanate had been established on the vast land between the Black Sea and Lake Baikal. In 1037, Seljuk the great Turk moved westward and southward to establish the Seljuk empire. In 1095, the Seljuk Empire invaded Byzantine Anatolia and occupied the entire Asia Minor peninsula. Byzantium is only part of Greece, Bulgaria, Macedonian, and Serbia. With Constantinople and a narrow Turkish Strait, the Byzantine Empire defended itself and appealed to the Vatican for help. Pope ulban II then gave a speech in Clement Ferrand, the kingdom of France. He told Christians in Europe, "go to the holy land, fight in the name of God, and get God's salvation." In all areas of the French Kingdom and the Holy Roman Empire, there was a heat wave of religious fanaticism.

In 1096, the first crusader, the militia Crusade, entered Hungary from the Austrian border of the Holy Roman Empire, and then crossed Hungary's Bosnia, Serbia and Transylvania to Constantinople. But the Crusaders did not obey the orders of the Byzantine emperor Alexei, and clashed. After crossing the Turkish Strait, they fought fiercely with the Marburg army in Asia Minor and retreated on all fronts. In 1097, the Crusaders recaptured Nicaea, the capital of the Sultanate of rum, and defeated the Turkic cavalry in the battle of dorileium. In 1098, the Fatimids occupied Jerusalem. The Crusaders took Antioch, and boshmood became king of Antioch around Antioch. Baldwin became count of edsar. Tripoli became a duchy. In July 1099, the Crusaders occupied Jerusalem temporarily because of the battle of Jerusalem. The kingdom of the Franks was founded in Jerusalem. Godfrey of buyon became king and only accepted the title of "protector of the holy tomb". The Crusaders won the battle of Ashkelon. At the same time, on the 15th of the same month, the Crusaders looted Constantinople, the capital of Byzantine, and slaughtered 3000 civilians.

In the next two hundred years, Europe formed a Christian Alliance of Holy Roman Empire, French Kingdom, Leon Kingdom, Byzantine Empire, Papal State, Venetian Republic, Wessex Kingdom and southern Italy. The eastern and southern Mediterranean also formed a Muslim alliance with the great Moroccan Empire, the kingdom of Egypt, the Seljuk Turkic Persian Empire (Turks), and Tunisia. The Crusades continued to march on Muslims. Frederick I, the red bearded "Barbarosa" of the Holy Roman Empire, swabenhoffen Staufen Dynasty, drowned on the way to the Third Crusade. The Crusaders paid a great price, but most of the results were failures. The reason is that the Crusaders are not equipped to fight in the heart of Syria. Today, we should look at the history of the Crusades dialectically, not to deny or affirm.

这是我应英语课代表之邀准备在班上作的英语演讲（其实是受罚

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