《GRE&GMAT阅读长难句》教程️ 经典句子语法结构归纳
相信很多杀G的小伙伴,遇到长难句都会头痛,所以给大家整理了一下在学长难句的阅读技巧。在做整理的过程中,找到自己需要重点掌握的句子,同时也是再次学习,加深对各个语法结构的认识。希望能够帮助到大家。
我觉得GRE语法结构比较重要的就是这几个:倒装、省略、插入语和代词倒装省略
倒装省略
* That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.
✅解析
本句有两个重要的语法结构(倒装和省略)
倒装是定语从句which maximizes the number of descendants本来要跟在sex ratio后面,放在了will be favored后面。省略有两个,一个是descendants (that) an individual will have,这个是作宾语,that省略的情况,比较简单;另一个是省略了maximizes, hence (maximizes) the number of gene copies transmitted,yysy,这个确实有一定难度,且做记录。
* Virginia Woolf's provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examing states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.
✅解析
本句整体就很难,主语有复杂修饰,其实核心就是statement,但是这个statement是Virginia Woolf's provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway,后面接since引导的原因状语从句,原因状语从句中主要的难点有两个,一个难点是大量抽象词语的使用,比如examing states of reverie(幻想),intricate pathways of individual consciousness,会让人产生一种畏难情绪,另一个难点是省略,and with following,with前面省略了concerned。这道题让我对省略有了更进一步的认识,如果有多个介词,一定要看跟这个介词搭配的动词,或者介词组搭配是什么。我们在看一个类似的例子。遇到省略就要往前看,看省略的是前面的什么词。
* Hardy's weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwilliness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.
插句题外话,我觉得GRE阅读长难句和我们高中学习的长难句相比,难度提升的方面主要体现在长度更长,而在高中不常见的倒装、省略却频频出现在GRE阅读中。再来看另一个省略。
* As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to consititute such an immense gulf between them.
✅解析
这句话难度倒不是很大,主要是“so”代替了impressed。
插入语
* Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.
✅解析
这里的“allow…to…”中间隔了一个where引导的定语从句作为插入语。相比起倒装和省略,在理解难度上,我认为插入语实际上是不难的,只是读起来不是很方便。就像“我和小明去公园”与“我和小明,一个来自浙江的机械工程学生,刚修完商科课程,去公园”,其实想要表达的核心意思就是“我和小明去公园”。
* Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law--notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned--that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
✅解析
从notwithstanding开始到are concerned结束便是一句长长的插入语,实话实说,我第一次读这句话的时候,就是从头到尾依次读下来,看到这个插入语部分真是觉得身处云里雾里,不知所云。因为插入语这句话里有很多代词,然后当时我不知道notwithstanding的意思,也没有注意到as far as are concerned的结构,可谓一脸懵。
面对插入语,插入语的意思暂且不论,其实最正确的方法应该是跳过插入语,因为插入语起到的作用是对句子主要内容的细节补充。
在上句中,主句的意思应该是伊斯兰法与其它形式的法律不同使得对伊斯兰法的研究不可或缺从而能够充分去理解(这里的appreciate应作理解,而非欣赏)各个可能的立法现象。知道了主句意思的好处是我们现在有了上下文语境去推断插入语可能的意思。虽然大多数插入语可能与主句表达的意思没有很大的关系,但不管怎么说,知道主句意思还是尤为重要的。
再看插入语,知道了as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned的意思,即从subject matter和positive enactment的角度来看,然后是“a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them”,怎么说呢,这句话连谓语都没有,解析是说前面省略了一个“it has”,那么这个them应该是前面提到的不同法律了。不过,如果你知道notwithstanding的意思,大概就能猜到这里要表达一个让步关系了,即即使可能会存在一些相同的巧合(前面不是提到so different嘛)。
总而言之,面对插入语,先跳过!而针对那个“it has”的问题,书的作者告诉我们,“GRE和GMAT中有很多表达其实不严格遵守语法,或者有考生不懂的语法,读者处心积虑去研究它们,不但没有实战意义,而且还令读者徒增烦恼。”语法只是帮助我们理解的工具,凭借单词意思,句子关系,我们仍然能够在不清楚语法的条件下把句子读懂。比如下面这一句。
* Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel.
如果你仔细分析语法,你会发现那个that特别奇怪,但是并不会妨碍你的理解,解析说,这其实是省略了so的目的状语从句。
‼️我们要记住语法只是工具,一个gre阅读高手能够做到在考试时忘记语法,那么他这次考试就成功了,因为他在阅读的过程中已经流畅到不用思考语法了!
最后,给大家分享一句集GRE和GMAT考试中各语言现象之大成者。
* One such novel idea is that of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants' natural constitution: specifically, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, the intensified research on legumes.
让我们逐步从头到尾分析,that后面省略idea,然后后面inserting into the chromosomes of plant discrete genes……正确的语序应该是inserting genes(……)into the chromosomes,后面同理。最后hence,是不正规语法,省略了there is(解析这么说的)。