三道逻辑单题讲透GRE文章分析基本法

GRE阅读的方法，不再是自然阅读法，而是结构阅读法。

原来，看文章，就是硬看。看到什么词，就是什么词；自己对什么词汇敏感，就看什么词汇。找到这样一些词之后，自行脑补，将它们按照自己的理解或误解，联系在一起，认为这就是作者的看法。

同时，还认为这些看法不对，自己很想迅速表达意见，有时都没有耐心把文章段落看完。这是自然阅读习惯。

没有主动训练过阅读方法，通常就是这种阅读习惯。

现在，看文章时，先收一收自己的判断，先别着急表达自己对于文章所谈话题的见解，而是先看看文章在说什么，也看看它是如何说的。这就是结构化的阅读方法。

结构阅读法从结构的角度去正面看文章，而不是从个人喜恶和个人特殊知识背景的角度去斜眼看文章。总得先看看别人说了什么，再想想别人怎么论证的，然后，如果自己有新的论据、不同的论据，也了解论证的方法，才好去批判的对待别人的文章的吧！不能一上来就是随意看、任意开火。

接下来我们通过“文章分析基本法”，来掌握结构化阅读的基本要素。

文章分析基本法，主要包含三个要素：

辨识句子属性，理清句间关系，明确信息层次。

句子属性

文章里的句子，只有两种：事实句和观点句。

为什么要分事实和观点？

因为不同属性的句子在文中有不同的功能——

如何分辨事实和观点？

观点：

1）表达观点的核心主谓宾：suggest／hold／argue／point/ convey / display / exhibit / present / demonstrate / evince / indicate / manifest / expose / lay bare / reveal / uncover / illustrate / pointout / prove / verify / depict / portray 等

2）语法：情态动词、强调句、系表结构、判断句、虚拟语态等

事实：事实没有归属，在GRE阅读中不会被直接攻击；

          GRE阅读作者认可事实。

（描述/评价？）

观点：主观的（未必发生）、对于未知的判断（不可检测）。

事实：客观的（已经发生）、可被检测的事情（可以检测）。

事实服务于观点

Boldface 1

At a certain period in Earth’s history, its atmosphere contained almost no oxygen, although plants were producing vast quantities of oxygen. As a way of reconciling these two facts, scientists have hypothesized that nearly all of the oxygen being produced was taken up by iron on Earth’s surface. Clearly, however, this explanation is inadequate. New studies show that the amount of iron on Earth’s surface was not sufficient to absorb anywhere near as much oxygen as was being produced. Therefore, something in addition to the iron on Earth’s surface must have absorbed much of the oxygen produced by plant life.

1. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A. The first is a claim made by the argument in support of a certain position; the second is that position.

B. The first is a judgment made by the argument about a certain explanation; the second is that explanation.

C. The first expresses the argument’s dismissal of an objection to the position it seeks to establish; the second is that position.

D. The first sums up the argument’s position with regard to a certain hypothesis; the second provides grounds for that position.

E. The first is a concession by the argument that its initial formulation of the position it seeks to establish requires modification; the second presents that position in a modified form.

句间关系

顺承 (consistent)：细节展开、举例、正话反说、补充说明、因果解释、并列等。

转折(contrast)：客观对比、主观削弱。

如何判定？

看后一句当中有没有出现明显的转折词、负面词或否定词。

Boldface 2

Rain-soaked soil contains less oxygen than does drier soil. The roots of melon plants perform less efficiently under the low-oxygen conditions present in rain soaked soil. When the efficiency of melon roots is impaired, the roots do not supply sufficient amounts of the proper nutrients for the plants to perform photosynthesis at their usual levels. It follows that melon plants have a lower-than-usual rate of photosynthesis when their roots are in rain-soaked soil. When the photosynthesis of the plants slows, sugar stored in the fruits is drawn off to supply the plants with energy. Therefore, ripe melons harvested after a prolonged period of heavy rain should be less sweet than other ripe melons.

2. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A. The first states the conclusion of the argument as a whole; the second provides support for that conclusion.

B. The first provides support for the conclusion of the argument as a whole; the second provides evidence that supports an objection to that conclusion.

C. The first provides support for an intermediate conclusion that supports a further conclusion stated in the argument; the second states that intermediate conclusion.

D. The first serves as an intermediate conclusion that supports a further conclusion stated in the argument; the second states the position that the argument as a whole opposes.

E. The first states the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second supports the conclusion of the argument.

第一句黑体句是事实还是观点？

第二句呢？

先把第一句是观点的排掉。

A D E

答案在 B 和 C 中选。

典型的ETS教你做人的选项。

逻辑层次

1）上层：被服务的对象，通常是“观点”；

      比如：总论点、分论点等

2）下层：服务于他人的信息，可以是“事实”或“观点”；

      比如：分论点、论据、补充说明等

3）平行：有共同关联、在同一维度展开、不存在必然先后顺序；

      比如：对比、并列、递进等

NB. 客观事实服务于主观观点。

Boldface 9

Cuts that need to be held closed in order to heal properly have generally been held closed with stitches. However, pressure to reduce medical costs is mounting. Consequently, it is likely that a newly developed adhesive will become the routine method of holding most types of cuts closed. The new adhesive holds most types of cuts closed as well as stitches do, and the cost of applying it is comparable to that of closing cuts with stitches. But whereas stitches must generally be removed by medical personnel after the cut has healed, the adhesive simply wears off. Thus, for any cut that the adhesive can hold closed as well as stitches can, it is more economical to use the adhesive.

9. In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?

A. The first is a claim that the argument disputes; the second provides evidence against that disputed claim.

B. The first is a claim that isused as supporting evidence for the main conclusion of the argument; the second is that main conclusion.

C. The first is a claim that is used as supporting evidence for the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a conclusion that is drawn in order to support that main conclusion.

D. The first introduces a practice about which the argument makes a prediction, the second is a conclusion based on that prediction.

E. The first introduces a practice about which the argument makes a prediction; the second is an assessment that is used to support that prediction.

思考：哪一句话是最终结论？

【答案：DCE】