多邻国世界语tips and notes Education 教育篇（中英对照）

Education（教育篇）

PARTICIPLES

分词

Participles are used to create complex verb forms, to express ideas such as "I will have read" or "The wine has been drunk".

分词使用在制造复杂的动词形式的时候，来表达例如“I will have read（我将会阅读）”或者“the wine has been drunk （红酒已经被喝掉了）”的想法

Participles are formed from verbs.

分词成形于动词

There are two categories of participles: active and passive.
分词有两种：主动语态和被动语态

Each category has present, future and past tenses.
每种语态皆有三种时态：过去，现在，将来

Notice that the vowels "i", "a" and "o" are the same ones used for past, present and future verb endings.
注意：元音字母a，i，o是和使用在动词过去式，现在时，将来时的一样

Active participles
主动语态

The present active participle is used for the English -ing ending: doing,seeing, believing, etc.
现在时的主动语态

Unlike English, though, the active participle in Esperanto also has past and future variants:
尽管不像英语，世界语里面的主动语态也是有过去时和将来时的转化

For example:

Passive participles
被动语态
Let's look at these two English sentences:
我们来看看这两个英语句子：
The owl ate the mouse.
猫头鹰在吃老鼠      
The mouse was eaten by the owl.
老鼠被猫头鹰吃
They both say the same thing, but in the second sentence the mouse becomes the focus of interest, and also the subject of the verb, instead of the owl.
这两句话都在表达同一个意思，但是在第二句中，老鼠成为了关注的焦点，也是代替了猫头鹰的动词主语
To use the correct grammatical terms, the first sentence has an active verb, "ate", and the second verb has a passive verb "was eaten".
使用语法术语来说，第一个句子有个主动语态动词：ate，第二句是被动语态动词：was eaten

Here are examples of the use of passive participles:

下面是使用被动语态分词的例子

分词看起来像形容词
Participles end in -a like adjectives. In fact, they are used in the same way as adjectives, which means that they agree in number and case with the noun that they belong to:
分词以-a结尾，这和形容词很像。事实上，分词的使用方法和形容词的一样。这意味着他们在数的形式上和语境中和它们所修饰的名词保持一致。

Mi estas skribanta. = I am (in the process of) writing.
我在写东西
Ni estas skribantaj. = We are (in the process of) writing.
我们在写东西
La libro estas legita. = The book (literally: is having been read)has been read.
这本书被读过了
La libroj estas legitaj. = The books (literally: are having beenread) have been read.
这些书被读过了

Mi vidis kurantan viron. = I saw a man (in the process of) running /I saw a running man.  
我看到一个在跑步的男人

Mi trovis du rompitajn poŝtelefonojn. = I found two mobile phones(literally: having been broken) that had been broken / I found two broken mobile phones.
我发现两个坏掉的手机

More about participles

更多关于分词的信息

Participles can be combined with past, present and future tenses of esti :
分词可以和esti的过去时，现在时和将来时组合在一起

Examples with an active participle:
主动语态分词的例子

Li estas leganta la libron
He is (in the process of) reading the book.
他正在看书

Li estos leginta la libron.
(literally: He will be having read the book)
He will have read the book.
之后他正在看书

Li estas leginta la libron.
(literally: He is having read the book.)                   He has read (has finished reading) the book.     他读过这本书（已经读完）

Li estis leginta la libron.
(literally: He was having read the book)
He had read the book.
他读过这本书

Examples with a passive participle:
被动语态分词的例子

La libro estos legita.
(literally: The book will be having been read.)
The book will have been read.
书将会被阅读

La libro estas legita.
(literally: The book is having been read.)
The book has been read.
书正在被阅读

La libro estis legita.
(literally: The book was having been read.)
The book had been read.
书已经被阅读

[Note: the "literal" translations above are presented as an aid to understanding and using participles; they are not colloquial English and are not acceptable translations of Esperanto sentences in this course].
注意：上面的英文只是帮助你理解和使用这些分词而已，它们并不是英语的口语，而且也不会被本课的句子翻译接受为正确答案

Participles + -o ending
分词+o结尾
An o-ending on a participle generally signifies a person:
在分词后面加-o词尾通常表示人：

la leganto - the reader（读者）
la skribanto - the writer  （作者）                                      
lagvidonto - the future guide（未来向导）
la elektito - the one who got elected（当选者）
la konato - the one who is known, the acquaintance（熟人）

la can take the place of possessive pronouns   la可以代替物主代词

When talking about relatives, parts of one's body, a piece of one's clothing, an intimate possession, etc, la can take the place of a possessive pronoun; this usage is understood in the appropriate context—for example:
当谈及到亲属，某人身体的一部分，某个人的一件衣服，一件不可侵犯的财产等，la能够代替物主代词，这种用法是在理解上下文的时候使用的。

La bebo imitas la gefratojn.
The baby imitates [his/her/its] siblings.
那个婴儿模仿他的父母

Ŝi vizitos la patrinon dimanĉe.
She will visit her mother on Sunday.
她将会在星期一看望她的母亲

Mi perdis la koltukon.
I lost my scarf.
我弄丢了我的围巾

Mi finfine trovis la okulvitrojn.
I finally found my glasses.
最终我找到了我的眼镜

La kapo doloras al mi.
My head hurts.
我的头受伤了

Lavu la manojn!
Wash your hands!
把你的手洗干净！

原文：http://www.duolingo.cn/skill/eo/Education

翻译：vanilo