劳动经济学权威期刊Journal of Human Resources 2023年第1期

Journal of Human Resources 2023年第1期

 

 

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1.Does Universal Preschool Hit the Target?Program Access and Preschool Impacts

全民学前教育达到目标了吗?项目准入和学前教育影响

Elizabeth U. Cascio

This study examines the cost efficacy of universal programs, taking advantage of the rich diversity in rules governing access to state-funded preschool in the United States. Using age-eligibility rules for identification, I find that attending a state-funded universal preschool generates substantial immediate test score gains, particularly for low-income children. Gains for low-income children from attending targeted (largely means-tested) preschool are significantly smaller. Cross-state differences in alternative care options, demographics, and other program features cannot explain the difference in attendance impacts across program types. Benefit-to-cost ratios of universal programs are favorable despite their relatively high costs per low-income child.

这项研究考察了普遍学前教育计划的成本效益，利用美国国家资助的学前教育规则的丰富多样性。使用年龄资格规则进行识别，我发现，参加国家资助的全民学前班可以立即大幅提高考试成绩，尤其是对低收入家庭的孩子。低收入家庭的孩子上针对性的学前教育(主要是经济状况调查)所获得的收益要小得多。各州在替代护理选择、人口统计和其他项目特征方面的差异不能解释不同项目类型的出勤率影响的差异。尽管每个低收入儿童的成本相对较高，但全民计划的效益成本比是有利的。

 

 

2.Fighting Crime in the Cradle:The Effects of Early Childhood Access to Nutritional Assistance

在摇篮中打击犯罪:早期儿童获得营养援助的影响

Andrew Barr and Alexander A. Smith

Using variation in the rollout of the Food Stamp Program (FSP), combined with criminal conviction data from North Carolina, we find that FSP availability in early childhood leads to large reductions in later criminal behavior Each additional year of FSP availability in early childhood reduces the likelihood of a criminal conviction in young adulthood by 2.5 percent, with stronger effects for violent and felony convictions. These effects are substantially larger for nonwhites, consistent with their higher levels of FSP participation. The discounted social benefits from the FSP’s later crime reduction exceed the costs of the program over this time period.

使用食品邮票计划(FSP)的变化,加上来自南卡洛纳的犯罪定罪数据,我们发现,在儿童早期的FSP可用性导致以后的刑事行为大幅减少,在儿童早期的每额外一年减少了在年轻的成年期犯罪定罪的可能性,降低了2.5个,对暴力和重罪的定罪有更大的影响。这些对非白人的影响要大得多,与他们更高的FSP参与水平一致。从FSP后来的犯罪减少的折扣社会福利超过了该项目在这段时间内的成本。

 

 

3.Food for Thought? Experimental Evidence on the Learning Impacts of a Large-Scale School Feeding Program

精神食粮?实验证据对大型学校培养计划的学习影响

Elisabetta Aurino Aulo Gelli Clement Adamba Isaac Osei-Akoto Harold Alderman

There is limited experimental evidence on the effects of large-scale, government-led interventions on human capital in resource-constrained settings. We report results from a randomized trial of the government of Ghana’s school feeding. After two years, the program led to moderate average increases in math and literacy standardized scores among pupils in treatment communities and to larger achievement gains for girls and disadvantaged children and regions. Improvements in child schooling, cognition, and nutrition constituted suggestive impact mechanisms, especially for educationally disadvantaged groups. The program combined equitable human capital accumulation with social protection, contributing to the “learning for all” sustainable development agenda.

在资源受限的环境下,大规模的、政府主导的人力资本干预的影响是有限的实验证据。我们报告了加纳政府的随机试验结果。在两年内,该项目导致学生在治疗社区的数学和识字标准化分数提高,女孩和弱势儿童和地区的成就增加。儿童教育、认知和营养的改善构成了启发性的影响机制,尤其是在教育弱势群体中。该项目将公平人力资本积累与社会保护相结合,为“所有”可持续发展议程的“学习”作出了贡献。

 

 

4.Risk Attitudes and Household Migration Decisions

风险态度与家庭迁移决策

Christian Dustmann, Francesco Fasani, Xin Meng and Luigi Minale

We analyze the relation between risk attitudes and household migration decisions. Using data of rural-urban migrants in China and their family members left behind, we obtain three key findings: (i) conditional on migration gains, less risk-averse individuals are more likely to migrate; (ii) conditional on own risk aversion, individuals are more likely to migrate the higher the risk aversion of the other household members; and (iii) conditional on average risk aversion, households with more dispersed risk preferences are more likely to send migrants. These findings are in line with a stylized model that we develop. Our results provide evidence that the distribution of risk attitudes within the household affects whether a migration takes place and who will emigrate. They also suggest that the risk diversification gain to other household members may lead to migrations that would not take place when decisions were made at the individual level.

我们分析了风险态度与家庭迁移决策之间的关系。利用中国城乡流动人口及其留守家庭成员的数据，我们得到了三个关键发现:(i)以移民收益为条件，风险厌恶程度较低的个体更有可能迁移;(ii)在自身风险厌恶的条件下，其他家庭成员的风险厌恶程度越高，个体越倾向于迁移;(iii)在平均风险厌恶的条件下，风险偏好越分散的家庭更有可能派遣移民。这些发现与我们开发的程式化模型是一致的。我们的研究结果证明，家庭内部风险态度的分布会影响移民是否发生以及谁将移民。他们还表明，其他家庭成员的风险分散收益可能导致在个人层面做出决定时不会发生的迁移。

 

 

5.Who Benefits from Free Health Insurance? Evidence from Mexico.

谁可以享受免费医疗保险?来自墨西哥的证据。

Gabriella Conti and Rita Ginja

We present a comprehensive evaluation of the health impacts of the introduction and expansion of a large noncontributory health insurance program in Mexico, the Seguro Popular (SP), which provided access to health services without co-pays to individuals with no Social Security protection. We identify the program impacts using its rollout across municipalities between 2002 and 2010. In general, we do not detect significant effects on mortality (overall or at any age); the only exception is a reduction in infant mortality in poor municipalities for which intention- to-treat estimates show a 10 percent decline due to SP. This decline is attributable to reductions in deaths associated with conditions originating in the perinatal period, congenital malformations, diarrhea, and respiratory infections. In these poor municipalities, SP increased obstetric-related hospital admissions by 7 percent and hospital admissions among infants by 6 percent. There were no impacts on mortality or use of hospitals in rich municipalities. The decline in infant mortality rate caused by SP closed nearly all of the infant mortality rate gap between poor and rich municipalities.

我们对墨西哥引入和扩大大型非缴费健康保险项目Seguro Popular (SP)的健康影响进行了全面评估，该项目为没有社会保障保护的个人提供了无需自付的医疗服务。我们通过2002年至2010年在各城市的推广来确定该计划的影响。总的来说，我们没有发现对死亡率的显著影响(总体或任何年龄);唯一的例外是贫困城市的婴儿死亡率下降，由于SP，其治疗意向估计下降了10%。这种下降可归因于与围产期疾病、先天性畸形、腹泻和呼吸道感染相关的死亡减少。在这些贫困城市，SP使产科相关住院人数增加了7%，婴儿住院人数增加了6%。在富裕城市，这对死亡率和医院使用率没有影响。SP导致的婴儿死亡率下降几乎消除了贫穷城市和富裕城市之间的婴儿死亡率差距。

 

 

6.Social Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship

社会网络、种族和创业精神

William R. Kerr Martin Mandorff

We study the relationship between ethnicity, occupational choice, and entrepreneurship. Immigrant groups in the United States cluster in specific business sectors. For example, Koreans are 34 times more concentrated in self-employment for dry cleaning than other immigrant groups, and Gujarati-speaking Indians are 84 times more concentrated in managing motels. We quantify that smaller and more socially isolated ethnic groups display higher rates of entrepreneurial concentration. This is consistent with a model of social interactions where nonwork relationships facilitate the acquisition of sector-specific skills and result in occupational stratification along ethnic lines via concentrated entrepreneurship.

我们研究种族、职业选择和企业家精神之间的关系。美国的移民群体集中在特定的商业部门。例如，韩国人从事干洗店的工作是其他移民群体的34倍，说古吉拉特语的印度人经营汽车旅馆的工作是其他移民群体的84倍。我们量化了规模较小、社会孤立程度更高的少数民族的创业集中度。这与社会互动的模式是一致的，在这种模式中，非工作关系有助于获得特定部门的技能，并通过集中创业导致沿种族线的职业分层。

 

 

7.Will You Marry Me, Later?Age-of-Marriage Laws and Child Marriage in Mexico

以后你愿意嫁给我吗?墨西哥的婚龄法与童婚

Cristina Bellés-Obrero and María Lombardi

We examine the impact of raising the minimum age of marriage to 18 years old in Mexico. Using a difference-in-differences model that takes advantage of the staggered adoption of this reform across states, we find a large reduction in the number of registered child marriages. However, we find no effect on school attendance or early fertility rates. We provide evidence that this is driven by a substitution of formal marriage for informal unions. This suggests that when informal unions are a viable option for young couples, age-of-marriage reforms are not enough to prevent early unions and their negative consequences.

我们研究了墨西哥将最低结婚年龄提高到18岁的影响。利用各州错开采用这一改革的差异模型，我们发现登记童婚的数量大幅减少。然而，我们没有发现对上学率或早期生育率有影响。我们提供的证据表明，这是由正式婚姻取代非正式联盟所驱动的。这表明，当非正式结合对年轻夫妇来说是一个可行的选择时，婚姻年龄改革不足以防止过早结合及其负面后果。

 

 

8.The Economics of Hypergamy

高攀结亲的经济学分析

Ingvild Almås Andreas Kotsadam Espen R. Moen Knut Røed

Partner selection is a vital feature of human behavior with important consequences for individuals, families, and society. We use the term hypergamy to describe a phenomenon whereby there is a tendency for husbands to be of higher rank within the male earnings capacity distribution than their wives are within the female distribution. Such patterns are difficult to verify empirically because earnings are both a cause and an effect of the mating process. Using parental earnings rank as a predetermined measure of earnings capacity to solve the simultaneity problem, we show that hypergamy is an important feature of today’s mating patterns in one of the most gender-equal societies in the world, namely Norway. We argue that through its influence on household specialization, hypergamy may explain parts of the remaining gender wage gap.

伴侣选择是人类行为的一个重要特征，对个人、家庭和社会都有重要影响。我们用“高攀结亲”一词来描述一种现象，即丈夫在男性收入能力分配中的地位往往高于妻子在女性收入分配中的地位。这种模式很难通过经验来验证，因为收入既是交配过程的原因，也是交配过程的结果。利用父母的收入排名作为解决同时性问题的收入能力的预定衡量标准，我们表明，在世界上性别最平等的社会之一，即挪威，高攀结亲是当今交配模式的一个重要特征。我们认为，通过对家庭专业化的影响，双重婚姻可以部分解释剩余的性别工资差距。

 

 

9.The Impact of Health on Labor Supply near Retirement

退休前健康对劳动力供给的影响

Richard Blundell Jack Britton Monica Costa Dias Eric French

Estimates of how health affects employment vary considerably. We assess how different methods and health measures impact estimates of the impact of health on employment using a unified framework for the United States and England. We find that subjective and objective health measures and subjective measures instrumented by objective measures produce similar estimates when using sufficiently rich objective measures. Moreover, a single health index can capture the relevant health variation for employment. Health deterioration explains up to 15 percent of the decline in employment between ages 50 and 70. Effects are larger for the United States than England and for the low educated.

关于健康如何影响就业的估计差异很大。我们使用美国和英国的统一框架，评估不同的方法和健康措施如何影响健康对就业的影响估计。我们发现，当使用足够丰富的客观衡量标准时，主观和客观健康衡量标准以及使用客观衡量标准的主观衡量标准产生了类似的估计。此外，单一的健康指数可以反映就业的相关健康变化。50岁到70岁之间的就业率下降，有15%是由于健康状况恶化造成的。美国的影响比英国和受教育程度低的人更大。

 

10.Heterogeneous Impact of the Minimum Wage Implications for Changes in Between and Within-Group Inequality

最低工资对群体之间和群体内部不平等变化的异质影响

Tatsushi Oka Ken Yamada

In the United States, most of the workers who earn at or below the minimum wage are either less educated, young, or female. We examine the extent to which the minimum wage influences the wage differential among workers with different observed characteristics and the wage differential among workers with the same observed characteristics. Our results suggest that changes in the real value of the minimum wage account in part for the patterns of changes in education, experience, and gender wage differentials and for most of the changes in within-group wage differentials for workers with lower levels of experience.

在美国，大多数工资达到或低于最低工资标准的工人不是教育程度较低，就是年轻，或者是女性。本文考察了最低工资对不同观察特征工人之间工资差异的影响程度，以及对相同观察特征工人之间工资差异的影响程度。我们的研究结果表明，最低工资实际价值的变化在一定程度上解释了教育、经验和性别工资差异的变化模式，并在很大程度上解释了经验水平较低的工人群体内工资差异的变化。