俄文材料提供者：Yuri Pasholok,2018/4/3

https://yuripasholok.livejournal.com/10269299.html

英文材料翻译者：Tank archives的Peter,2018/6/4,星期一

https://www.Tankarchives.ca/2018/06/object-240-ergonomics.html

业余翻译，专业名词可能会翻车，还请各位斧正

Object 240 Ergonomics 240工程的人机工效问题

There is a common misconception that the Soviet army had no regard for the conditions of its crew. This is provably false. Just as with the US army, the Red army had a medical service, which would evaluate the user-friendliness of its equipment. Tanks were no exception. For instance, the Object 240, the precursor of the IS-2 Tank, was put through thorough testing by the medical service, and the faults that were discovered were corrected by the time the Tank reached mass production.

大家普遍认为，苏军对坦克乘员的舒适度毫不关心，这是大错而特错。就跟美军一样，红军也有自己的医疗部门，会对其装备的用户友好度进行评估，坦克自然包括在内。例如IS-2的前身，240工程就曾得到过他们的彻底测试，并提出了许多问题，这些问题在坦克投入大规模量产之前就已经得到了彻底的改正。

"Conditions of servicing of the 122 mm D-25 gun in the IS Tank

“在安装122mm D-25火炮的IS坦克中的工作环境

1. The D-25 gun is installed in the turret of the IS Tank.

一、IS坦克的D-25火炮被安装在炮塔中
The fighting compartment has the following dimensions: turret ring diameter: 1800 mm, height in the rear part: 1520 mm, height in other parts: 1580 mm.

战斗室的尺寸如下：炮塔座圈直径1800mm，战斗室后部高1520mm，战斗室其他位置高1580mm
The height of the fighting compartment is insufficient for free work by standing people. The turret crew stands in a slouched over pose.

战斗室太矮了，乘员站在里面没法以挺直腰板的姿态工作，只能弯腰驼背
The short height of the fighting compartment is due to the metal crates with ammunition on the floor. The crates are covered in rubber and used as the floor of the fighting compartment.

战斗室之所以高度会这么矮，是因为地板上装了被橡胶覆盖的金属弹药箱
To better evaluate the dimensions of the fighting compartment, they should be compared with those of the IS Tank armed with a D-5 85 mm gun. With the same sized turret, the gun takes up much more space, which reduces crew comfort.

为了更好地评估战斗室的尺寸，应将它们与装85mm炮的IS坦克作比较。在炮塔尺寸不变的情况下，火炮占用的空间变多了，使得乘员的舒适度降低
The width of the gunner's station is reduced by 60 mm (to 650 mm) and the breech operator by 30 mm (to 660 mm). It is narrow, but possible to work.

炮手位宽度减少了60mm，现在只有650mm；火炮后膛的操作员的宽度减少了30mm，现在只剩660mm。这是真的窄，但还能凑合过
The distance between the deflector and the rear of the turret was 450 mm for the D-5 and is 200 mm for the D-25. It is not possible to pass behind the gun. It is also uncomfortable to load, since the casing does not fit into this opening and catches onto the rear ammunition rack. When inserting it the loader has to aim (make additional careful motions).

D-5火炮的偏转器和炮塔末端的距离是450mm，D-25则是200mm，这使得人从火炮的一侧经炮闩移动到另一侧变成了一件不可能的事。装填炮弹的手感很差，因为弹壳除了开口对不上，还会直接卡在后弹药架上；在将弹药推入炮管时，装填手还非得看地非常准才能把炮弹推进去

2. The conditions for the gunner are as follows.

二、炮手的情况如下

1. The gunner works sitting down. The seat is soft, on a carrier. It can be collapsed underneath the gun when necessary. The seat can be adjusted vertically. The pipe with electrical wiring in front of it somewhat impedes sitting.

1、炮手坐着工作。座位被置于支架之上，还挺软，在必要时可以被折叠到火炮之下。座位可调节高低，但在其前方有电线管道会妨碍坐姿

2. The gunner uses the following to aim:

2、炮手使用下列工具来瞄准：

①Telescopic Tank sight.伸缩式瞄具

②Hand operated elevation and traverse mechanisms.手摇的火炮俯仰和炮塔旋转机构

③Electric traverse mechanism for rapid turret traverse.控制炮塔旋转的电机
The gunner did not use the periscopic sight due to its unfinished state and low precision. The electric traverse mechanism was not used for aiming, since it is also very "raw" and it is impossible to alter the turret traverse speed. 炮手无法使用固定式炮塔潜望镜来瞄准，因为这东西的完成度和精度都低的离谱；转炮电机亦然，因为其极度原始且旋转速度恒定不可调

④The following table contains the characteristics of the hand traverse and elevation mechanisms:下表包括了转炮和炮管俯仰的特性：

⑤Somewhat excessive and uneven effort was required to use the traverse and, in part, the elevation mechanism. The hand turret traverse mechanism speed is insufficient.手动转炮和控制炮的俯仰角有时需要使很大劲并且使的劲不均匀
This data is satisfactory for towed guns of this caliber, but not enough for a Tank gun, as the strict need to fire on the move and to fire at moving targets requires a certain ease of aiming.如果是拖曳式火炮也就算了，但这可是坦克炮，也就意味着它的瞄准系统要便于打击移动目标和在移动中射击，现有的瞄准系统还不能满足这一要求

⑥The telescopic gun sight is uncomfortable to use, as it is positioned too close to the gun (40 mm distance between the center of the pupil and the gun) and the bulge of the trigger mechanism. This distance should be at least 80 mm for comfortable use.伸缩式瞄具离主炮和扳机太近（瞳孔中心离主炮只有40mm），用的特别难受。要想用的舒服，这个距离应至少在80mm

⑦The hand trigger mechanism is conveniently positioned close to the aiming flywheels. The effort to fire is 25 kg, which is high. There is no foot trigger.手扳机很靠近飞轮，这是一个优点，但扣动它需要用25kg的力，这也太离谱了。脚踏式扳机则根本没就没装

⑧The fact that the aim is somewhat offset by opening of the breech, inserting the shell and propellant casing, and closing the breech slows down aiming. Because of that, the gunner must adjust his aim after firing. 装弹的过程会导致瞄准偏移，这会降低瞄准效率。因此，炮手在射击后必须调整瞄准的位置

3. The ammunition racks are inconvenient. It is hard to open racks on the floor of the turret. To open a crate, one must clear the floor, take off the rubber mat, open the metal lid, and extract the heavy ammunition while standing on one's knees from the small box. All of this takes time. People in the turret and spent casings that litter the floor impede loading. It is hard to find the necessary crate when the turret rotates. The ammunition racks in the floor are therefore deemed inconvenient.

The rear rack for 24 shells, places in the turret bustle, also has it downsides. It is unsuitable for the HE shell, which is shorter (by 10 mm) and has a smaller diameter. When loading them into the rack, the lock has to be held at the correct height, which is difficult. The clasps get tangled. The clasps in the middle impede loading, since they have to be pushed aside when inserting the casing.

3、很难把炮弹转移到待发弹药架上。炮台底部的弹药箱打开的步骤特别繁琐：必须先清理地板、取走橡胶垫、打开金属盖，然后才能以跪姿拿出沉重的弹药，极其费时。炮塔内的乘员和散落一地的废弹壳有碍装填；炮塔在旋转时很难找到对应的弹药箱。因此，把弹药箱放在地板上的设计不是好文明

炮塔后的24发弹药架一样有问题。它不适合放弹长短了10mm且直径更小的高爆弹【译注：应该是相较于发射药而言，BR-471和BR-471B甚至还要更短】。当把它们放入该弹药架时，扳机一定要保持在一定的高度，这操作起来很难。扣环会缠绕在一起。中间的扣环，由于在插入炮弹时会被推到一边，会阻碍装填

4. When the breech opens, the screw and handle move 350 mm to the right, which blocks the breech from the breech operator. Therefore the gun commander must perform most of the loading, and the breech operator can only open and close the breech. Involving the commander in the loading process prohibits him from observing the battlefield and correcting fire.

4、当后膛打开时，螺丝和手柄右移了350mm，把后膛操作员和后膛分隔开来，这使得炮手必须亲自完成大部分装填任务，而后膛操作员只负责后膛的开关；如果让车长帮忙装填就会使他无法观察周边情况并进行校射【译注：再算上炮弹和发射药各重达25kg，炮手活动宽度只有65cm，还得负责瞄准、打炮...】

5. The loading assistance mechanism is bulky. The loader is impeded by the bulge on the right of the device. It is desirable to remove this bulge.

5、装填辅助机构太大。装填手受到设备右侧凸起的阻碍，最好将之去除

6. The inconvenient racks and cramped position of the breech operator after the breech is opened leads to a low rate of fire. At trials on October 22nd, 1943, a rate of fire of 2-3 RPM was achieved (20-30 seconds per shot).

6、后膛打开后，后膛操作员位置太窄、不方便接触弹药架，导致射速低。在1943年10月22日的测试中，每分钟只能射击2至3次，平均每次间隔20至30秒

7. During firing, the location of the recoil indicator proved inconvenient. It is placed in a dark place behind the machinegun. The measurement scale is inconvenient, as the runner obscures the number.

7、射击时，后坐力指示器的位置被同轴机枪的阴影遮盖，看不清楚。测量刻度不便，因为滑杆不利于观测数值

8. The commander cannot correct fire, as he only has a periscopic sight without a grid. The commander must have a commander's periscope with a grid. It is also necessary to free the commander from the loader's duties.

8、车长无法校射，因为他只有一个镜面上啥都没有的潜望镜，同时也有必要使车长免于承担装填手的职责

9. Firing was performed with closed hatches and without the fan and engine, as well as with the fan and engine.

In both cases, 10 shots were made at a rate of 1-2 rounds per minute.

9、射击测试在舱门关闭的情况下进行，变量是通风设施是否开启
在两种情况中，都发射了10发炮弹，平均射速1至2发每分钟

10. As you can see from the data, the concentration of fumes did not surpass 0.224 ml/L. The crew did not suffer any ill effects. The personnel felt healthy. It is possible to fire for some time with closed hatches and no ventilation.

With the ventilation running, the concentrations do not surpass 0.1 ml/L. This ventilation is sufficient.

10、如数据所示，一氧化碳浓度没有超过0.224毫升每升，车组没有受到任何不良影响，感觉起来没啥问题。在舱盖紧闭且不换气的情况下进行一定时间的射击是可行的

如果开启通风设施，一氧化碳浓度不会高于0.1毫升每升，这已经足够了

Major of the Medical Service, Aleksandrov"

医务部少校，亚历山德罗夫”

以下是报告原文：