Phonetics

1.     Voiced & voiceless sounds

Whether there is the vibration in a vocal cord or not. If is, it is treated as a voiced sound. If is not, it is described as a voiceless sound.

2.     Consonant

2.1    Place of articulation

Alveolar ridge: /t, d, s, z, l, n, r/

Palatals: / ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, j/

Velars: /k, g, ŋ/

Dentals: /θ, ð/

Bilabials: /m, b, p, w/

Labiodentals: /f, v/

2.2    Manner of articulation

Stops: /p, b, t, d, k, g/

Fricatives: /s, z, θ, ð, f, v, ʃ, ʒ, h/

Affricates: / tʃ, dʒ /

Nasals: /m, n, ŋ/

Liquids: /l, r/

Glides: /w, j/

Approximants：liquids and glides are combined to form…

1.     Vowels

High, mid, low: the height of tongue

Front, central, back: the position of tongue that moves forward or backward

Diphthongs: we create sounds that consist of a combination of two vowel sounds