【001-137】漂亮老师来了 -基础英语语法及进阶学习
1.语序和五种基本句式
SV（主谓）
The universe remains.
SVP（主系表）
The food is delicious.
SVO（主谓宾）
He took his bag and left.
SVOO（主谓+间宾+直宾）
Her father bought her a dictionary.
SVOC（主谓宾+宾补）
We made him our monitor.
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart！
2.Be动词的形式和用法
be，am，is，are，was，were，being，been
后面接名词、形容词、地点副词或短语作补足语，起联系的作用
3.Be动词的否定/提问/回答
在am，is，are，was后加not
略缩形式为am not，isn't，aren't，wasn't，weren't
be动词置于句首，其它成分不变
4.代词的主格和宾格
主格代词（作主语）
I，he，she，it，you，we，they
宾格代词（作宾语）
me，him，her，it，you，us，them
5.名词性/形容词性物主代词
单数形式
my，your，his/her/its，one's
mine，yours，his/hers/its，one's
复数形式
our，your，their
ours，yours，theirs
6.反身代词
myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself
ourselves，yourselves，themselves
在句子中作宾语或同位语
7.实意动词的特征
时态变化（过去式和过去分词）
数量变化（第三人称单数）
8.实意动词的否定/提问/回答
使用助动词进行否定
do no t= don't
does not = doesn't
did not = didn't
使用助动词进行提问
助动词有时态或第三人称单数的变化，实意动词为原型
9.使用疑问词进行提问和回答1
when，where，who，what，how
疑问词置于句首
疑问词充当主语，其它成分与陈述句相同
疑问词充当主语以外的其它成分，要使用助动词，助动词紧跟在疑问词之后
10.使用疑问词进行提问和回答2
how long，how far，how often，why
How long have they learned English？
How often do you watch movies？
How far is it from your house to yours chool？
11.名词
可数名词（countable noun）
数的过来的概念
有单数和复数之分
可数名词变复数的规则：
1.一般在末尾加后缀-s
2.以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的名词，在该词末尾加上后缀-es
3.辅音字母+y结尾的名词，改y为i，再加-es
4.以o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写形式，加-es
不可数名词（countable noun）
无法计算数量或抽象概念
无复数形式，只用单数表征
12.指示代词与不定代词
指示代词
标识人或事物的代词，用来代替前面已提到过的名词
this（these），that（those）
不定代词
指代不确定的人或事物
one，the other，some，any，somthing，nothing
13.形容词
形容词通常形容人或事物的状态，性质，大小等，通常置于名词前面，be动词后面
The+形容词=复数名词，表示一类人，后接动词用复数形式
14.副词
副词可以修饰动词，形容词，其它副词或其它结构
副词的位置
根据情况，放在助动词之后，实意动词之前或之后
形容词之前，其他副词之前或之后
多个助动词时，放在第一个助动词之后
常用的频度副词（always，usually，often，sometimes，never…）通常放在一般动词前面，be动词后面，助动词和实意动词之间
15.不定量表达法1
some，any，most，every，all
some主要用于肯定句，希望得到肯定回答时，也可用在疑问句中
any主要用在否定句和疑问句中
I'd been expecting some letters the whole morning，but there weren't any for me.
most作形容词时表示“大部分的”，后面接复数名词
every表示“每一个，所有”后面接单数名词
all表示“所有”后面接可数名词复数，不可数单数名词单数
16.不定量表达法2
both表示两者都，可作形容词，代词和副词，either是两者之一，neither是两者都不
Both his eyes were severely burned.
There are trees on either side of the street.
Neither answer is correct.
many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词；a lot of（lots of），plenty of即可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词
17.不定量表达法3
a few，肯定含义“几个”
few，否定含义“没几个”
均与可数名词连用
A few books are put into the box.
Few books are put into the box.
a little，肯定含义“一点儿”
little，否定含义“没多点”
均与不可数名词连用
There is a little water in the bottle.
There is little water in the bottle.
none和no one意思相同，主要用作代词
翻译为“一个也不，一点也不”
none可以接of短语，动词可用单数也可用复数
no one不能接of短语，动词只能用单数
None of us have（has）arrived.
No one knows the answer.
18.There/Here be句型
根据上下文，有多种翻译方法
可以翻译成“有”，“是”
be动词根据后面的名词有单复数变化
19.一般现在时和现在进行时
一般现在时
表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态和动作
主语是单数第三人称时，动词有单三的变化
否定和疑问形式用do，does帮助构成
动词的单三变化
动词词尾直接加s
如 play→ plays
以字母sxch或o结尾的动词加es
如 guess→ guesses
以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，改y为i再加es
如 study→ studies
现在进行时
表示正在进行或发生的动作
句中通常有now等时间副词呼应
基本构成形式为be+ doing
变否定和疑问形式时，将be动词否定或提前
现在分词的变化规则
一般情况下直接加ing
如 work→ working
动词以不发音的e结尾，去e再加ing
如 take→ taking
重读闭音节的动词，双写词尾字母再加ing
如 cut→ cutting
以ie结尾的动词，变y再加ing
如 lie→ lying
20.一般过去时和过去进行时
一般过去时
表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态
过去习惯性、经常性的行为
动词一般过去式变化过则
一般在动词后加ed
如 play→ played
字母e结尾的动词后只加d
如 like→ liked
“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，改y为i再加ed
如 supply→ supplied
重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加ed
如 plan→ planned
过去进行时
在过去某一时刻或一段时间内进行或发生的动作
基本构成形式为was/were+ doing
21.一般将来时
将来某一时刻的动作或状态
或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或状态
常常和表示将来的时间状语连用
构成形式为will/shall+ 动词原形
They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow.
We shall leave for Shanghai next month.
be going to+ 动词原形意为“打算；就要”
表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作
或已有迹象表明必将发生某事
They are going to play football this afternoon.
She is going to learn French next year.
表示位置转移的动词可用现在进行时表将来
如 go，come，leave，start，arrive
They are leaving for Japan.
She is arriving tomorrow.
22.完成时
现在完成时
动作过去发生，已经完成
对现在造成影响或后果，动作可能还会持续
构成形式为have/has+ done
过去完成时
动作发生在过去之前，即过去的过去
已经完成，对过去造成了一定的影响或后果
构成形式为had+ done
23.动词的用法
动词有数量和时态的变化
动词根据功能分为
实意动词（Notional Verb）
系动词（Link Verb）
助动词（Auxiliary Verb）
情态动词（Modal Verb）
24.情态动词1
can/could表示能力，可用be able to代替
can/could表示现在过去的能力
客观可能性（can的可能性更大）
表示请求和允许
He can/could be able to swim.
He can/could come tomorrow.
Can/Could I stay here？
may/might表示可能性，may的可能性大
表示请求和允许，might更委婉
He come may/might here by bus.
May/Might I join you?
25.情态动词2
must/have to表示必须、必要
must表示主观多一些
have to表示客观多一些，有时态和数量的变化
mustn't意为不准，don't have to意为不必
You must get up early.
It's going to rain，I have to go home now.
should表示劝告、建议、命令，强调主观看法
ought to强调客观要求
疑问句中通常用should代替ought to
You should/ought to do the job right now.
Should they stay here now？
26.情态动词3
need情态动词
He need come here early.
He needn't come here early.
Need he come here early？
need实意动词
有时态和数量的变化，后可接带to的不定式
He needs to come here early.
He doesn't need to come here early.
Does he come to here early？
回答must和have to的提问时
否定回答使用needn't，don't have to
27.情态动词4
had better表示“最好做某事”
had虽然是过去式，但不表征过去
better后面接动词原形
He had better eat more.
You'd better finish it right now.
would rather表示“宁愿、宁可、最好、还是…为好”
语感上比had better要轻
You would rather deal with it now.
否定形式分别为
had better not+ 动词原形
would rather not+ 动词原形
28.情态动词5
used to，would表示过去习惯性的动作
可翻译为“过去常常…”
used to指过去的状态或情况，would则不能
The novel used to be popular.
would表示反复发生的动作
如果某一动作没有反复性，就不能用would，只能用used to
He would practice English every week.
I used to live in Beijing.
used to表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作或状态现在已经结束
would则表示有可能再发生
People believe that the earth was flat.
He would go to the park as soon as he was free.
29.情态动词的疑问和否定
情态动词的否定
情态动词+not+动词原形
He can't sing an English song.
He may not know her.
使用情态动词进行提问
情态动词+主语+动词原形
Can he sing an English song？
Does he have to go there？
30.情态动词后接完成时
情态动词+have done
表达过去的事实
表推测
should除外
He can/could have arrived.
He may/might have arrived.
He must have arrived.
should have done 本应该…
needn't have done 本不需要…
They should have finished the work.
You needn't have done so.
must have done 准是已经…
can't have done 不可能已经…
He must have arrived.
He can't have arrived.
31.被动语态的构成和含义
如果主语是动作的承受者
则用动词的被动语态作谓语
被动语态的构成：be done by……
32.被动语态和情态动词结合
情态动词+be done by…
need做实义动词更常用
need doing sth.
33.被动语态的省略
动作的行为者不分明或不重要
或上下文中提到了行为者时，“by+行为者”可省略
34.被动语态的疑问形式
一般疑问句
助动词提前，其它部分语序不变
特殊疑问句
特殊疑问词+提问部分+助动词+句子其它成分
35.非谓语动词
动词不定式由to+动词原形构成
可作主语、宾语、宾补、定语、表语和状语
主语
To get there by bike will take us an hour.
宾语
The driver failed to see the car in time.
宾补
We believe him to be guilty.
定语
The next train to arrive is from Seoul.
表语
My suggestion is to put the meeting.
状语
I come here only to say goodbye to you.
动名词具有动词的特征和变化形式
但在句中的用法及功能类似名词
可作主语、宾语、定语、表语
可以被副词修饰；后可接宾语
主语
Reading is an art.
宾语
They went on walking and never stopped talking.
表语
Your task is quickly cleaning the windows.
定语
This is reading room.
36.形式主语和形式宾语
动词不定式或动名词可以在主语的位置上
但一般用it代替它做形式主语
It's a great honor to be invited.
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
在宾语的位置上，用it代替它作形式宾语
We think it important to learn English.
I found it pleasant walking in the park.
对动名词或不定式进行否定时
直接在动名词或不定式前加not
He pretended not to see her.
He regrets not joining them.
37.to不定式表目的
in order to + v表目的
in order to引导的目的状语置于句首，句尾均可
I've written it down in order to remember it.
否定形式为在to之前加not
I've written it down in order not to forget it.
so as to + v表目的
so as to引导的目的状语只能置于句尾
He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
否定形式为在to之前加not
He said nothing so as not to be noticed.
38.常见的不定式和动名词
包含不定式和动名词的一些固定结构
too…to…
The room is too small to live.
enough + n. + to + v.
There is enough food to eat.
adj. + enough + to + v.
The box is big enough to contain six apples.
On doing sth. 一…就…
On seeing the snake ，The girl was very frightened.
There is no hope of doing sth. 没希望…
There is no hope of seeing him.
feel like doing sth.
I feel like eating ice cream now.
have a hard time doing sth. 做…很艰难
They have a hard time solving the problem themselves.
39.现在分词和过去分词作伴随状语
The students went out of the classroom，laughing and talking.
Accompanied by his friend，he went to the railway station.
40.原型不定式之使役动词
使役动词，表示“使…，让…”
have/ make/ let + 宾语 + v.
He made me laugh.
I let him go.
Please have him come here.
get + 宾语 + to + v.
I can't get anyone to do the work properly.
help + 宾语 +（to）+ v.
I helped him（to）repair the car.
所有使役动词+宾语+过去分词
表示“让某物（人）被别人…”
I must get my hair cut.
He couldn't make himself heard.
Can you get the work finished in time.
41.原型不定式之感官动词
see /watch/ observe/ notice/ hear/ smell/ taste /feel +宾语 +动词原形/现在分词
后接动词原形，表示动作的真实性
后接现在分词，表示动作的连续性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
感官动词+宾语+动词过去分词，表被动
I heard Sam sent to the hospital.
John saw the man knocked down by the car.
42.假设之只表示单纯条件
if引导条件状语从句
从句用现在时，主句用将来时
If you get up early，you will catch up with the train.
if引导的条件状语从句，可放句首也可放句尾
If you ask him， he will help you.
She will be upset if you fail the exam.
43.假设之与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
if从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设
和现在事实相反，主从句时态具体如下
从句：动词过去式（be动词形式为were）
主句：would/ could/ should/ might+ 动词原形
If I were you，I would join them.
She would come with you if you invited her.
44.假设之与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
if从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设
和过去事实相反，主从句时态具体如下
从句：had done
主句：would/ could/ should/ might+ have done
If I had got there earlier，I should have met her.
If he had taken my advice，he would not have made such a mistake.
45.假设之wish和as if
wish后接从句，译为“希望…就好了”
是不可能实现的愿望
表示与现在的事实相反的愿望
I wish I were as tall as you.
表示与过去的事实相反的愿望
He wished he hadn't said that.
表示将来不大可能实现的愿望
I wish it would rain tomorrow.
as if，译为“看起来好像…”
从句表示与现在事实相反时
You look as if you didn't care.
从句表示与过去事实相反时
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.
从句表示与将来事实相反时
He opened his mouth as if he would say something.
46.定语从句之关系代词
关系代词，在从句中充当一定的成分，代替先行词，起到连接先行词和从句的作用
常用关系代词有
that，who，which，whom，whose
The girl whom that I spoke to is my cousin.
先行词是人用that，who，whom，whose引导
whom在从句中作宾语
who和that在从句中既可做主语又可作宾语
They are the people that/ who were seen yesterday.
They are the people whom/ that/ who I saw yesterday.
They are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday.
先行词是物用that，which，whose引导
that，which在从句中作主语或宾语
作宾语时可省略
He came back for the book which/ that he had forgotten.
He came back for the book which/ that was on the desk.
This is the chair whose legs were broken.
47.定语从句之关系副词
why修饰表原因的名词
We don't know the reason why he didn't show up.
when修饰表时间的名词
We'll put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better.
where修饰表地点的名词
We don't know the place where he lives.
48.宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句
从属连词：that，if，whether
He told me (that) he would go to college the next year.
He doesn't know if/ whether he was here.
连接代词：who，whom，whose，what
Do you know who has won the game?
Do you know whom he likes?
Do you know whose book it is?
Do you know what he is looking at?
连接副词：when，where，why，how
He wants to know when the party is.
He wants to know where the party is.
He wants to know why they have a party.
He wants to know how they come.
49.比较级与最高级1
通常在形容词或副词后加“er”，“est”
hard harder hardest
词尾是不发音的单音节e时加“r”，“st”
nice nicer nicest
词尾是辅音+y的双音节时，去y加“ier”，“iest”
dry drier driest
以辅音结尾的重读闭音节，双写最后一个字母，加“er”，“est”
hot hotter hottest
多音节或双音节的形容词或副词
表示程度减弱：more most
表示程度加强：less least
不规则变化
good better best
many more most
50.比较级与最高级2
形容词或副词的比较级，表示“比较”
He is taller than his brother.
The book is more expensive than the pen.
Her English is better than his.
形容词或副词的最高级，表示“最…”
He is tallest in his class.
The book is the most expensive of the three.
Her English is the best among the three.
