【龙腾网】为什么中国的公共交通系统如此便宜? 西方国家能借鉴中国的经验吗？

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Thomas Pauken II 

BEIJING: Yes it’s true that China’s public transportation is affordable and I would like to add very efficient, when comparing it to the New York City public transportation system, which I had the unfortunate experience to discover on a trip to the United States last year.

北京: 是的，中国的公共交通是负担得起的，我想补充的是，与纽约市的公共交通系统相比，中国的公共交通是非常高效的。

The NYC Subway was dirty, expensive and complicated. I had used the Beijing Subway daily for the past 10 years of my life and the differences between the two were shocking.

纽约地铁肮脏、昂贵、复杂。在过去的10年里，我每天都乘坐北京地铁，两者之间的差异令人震惊。

The NYC subway has many homeless and unhygienic people lurking on the platforms as they keep menacing commuters by yelling at them and in worse cases exposing themselves in public.

纽约地铁站里有很多无家可归和不爱卫生的人在站台上潜伏，他们不断威胁乘客，对他们大喊大叫，更糟糕的是，他们还在公共场合裸露自己的身体。

The escalators are important, since people carrying luggage will struggle when walking up the stairs. When I first arrived in Beijing in October 2010 I recall fewer escalators under operation, but after price tickets increases had gone into effect at around 2015 - more escalators, new lines and subways stations had opened up.

自动扶梯很重要，因为带行李的人上楼梯时会很费力。2010年10月我第一次来到北京时，我记得运行中的自动扶梯比较少，但在2015年左右票价上调生效后，更多的自动扶梯、新线路和地铁站开通了。

Ticket prices are relatively cheap. Although I’m not an accountant or expert on public expenditures, I will engage in some speculation. Tens of millions of commuters use the Beijing Subway system everyday and uniformed guards make sure nobody is jumping over the ticket rails.

票价相对便宜。虽然我不是一个会计师或公共支出专家，但我会做一些预测。每天有数以千万计的乘客乘坐北京地铁，穿制服的警卫确保没有人会逃票。

The large numbers of passengers means cash keeps pouring into the public transportation system, while the trains and lines undergo frequent checks every night when the subway shuts down from 11 pm at night to 5 am the next morning.

大量的乘客意味着现金源源不断地涌入公共交通系统，地铁从晚上11点到第二天早上5点是不运行的，每天晚上列车和线路都要接受频繁的检查。

Accordingly, there are fewer maintenance breakdowns and that cuts costs on repairs and lessens the times of unscheduled interruptions.

因此，较少的维修故障可降低维修费用以及减少地铁停运次数。

The only time when the Beijing Subway has few passengers is during the Chinese New Year’s holiday. It’s crowded at all other times included on weekends and evenings. The steady flow of passengers means cash keeps going into the system.

北京地铁只有在春节期间乘客很少。周末和晚上的其他时间都很拥挤。稳定的乘客流量意味着现金持续流入系统。

We can read more about the Beijing Subway from Xinhua. The lix is here:

我们可以从新华社了解更多关于北京地铁的信息，链接在这里:

http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/25/c_138817328.htm
As reported by Xinhua:

据新华社报道:

“Trains will also be disinfected five times before departure and staff will disinfect the carriages before they return to the station.

“火车在发车前进行5次消毒，工作人员将在地铁返回车站前进行消毒。

Passengers are required to wear masks on board the train and keep a safe distance between each other. For those who insist on not wearing masks, staff will seek help from the police.

乘客上车时必须戴上口罩，并保持安全距离。对于那些坚持不戴口罩的人，工作人员会寻求警方的帮助。

Beijing has been conducting daily disinfection and body temperature checks of passengers in 23 subways lines covering 405 stations since early February.”

自2月初以来，北京已经对405个车站的23条地铁线路的乘客进行了日常消毒和体温检测。”

The big drawback is very crowded subways during rush hours and on popular lines. 

最大的缺点是在高峰时间和一些热门线路会非常拥挤。

Hence, you have to make psychological adjustments to such circumstances, especially if you have long-term plans to live, work and/or study in the capital city. But sometimes you have no choice but to take a crowded subway and if so learn to live with it.

因此，你必须有面对这种情况的心理准备，尤其是如果你有准备在首都生活、工作和/或学习的长期计划。但有时你别无选择，只能乘坐拥挤的地铁，如果是这样的话，就得学会适应它。

John Wong 
Not only China’s public transport, but also like its 4G network etc, these benefited from the economy of scale in most part and the profit generated in the populated areas used to finance the lost making areas. That’s one part.

不仅是中国的公共交通，还有其4G网络等，这些都得益于大部分地区的规模经济，以及在人口密集地区创造的利润，这些利润用于填补其它地方的损失，这只是其中一部分原因。

Jack Ye 
Affordable because the price is often set by the government.

价格可以承受，票价通常由政府确定。

There are a lot of customers. Bus companies don’t have much competition anyway. As long as they are doing a good job, there is an endless, consistant stream of income. 

有很多乘客。公交公司没有太多的竞争对手。只要他们做得好，就会有源源不断的收入

Local governments provide some of the funds to bus companies. 

地方政府向公共汽车公司提供部分资金

Prices of train, subway tickets are set by government. There is always price cap. Air travel, however, is completely determined by the market. 

火车票、地铁票的价格由政府决定。价格总是有上限的。然而，飞机票价格完全由市场决定

Felix Su 
It will be difficult. The West, especially the US pumps a huge amount of taxes into the military. China pumps it into the civilian sector like public transport. The US subsidizes the military, China subsidizes the civilian sector.

这将是困难的。西方国家，尤其是美国，把大量的税收用在了军事项目上。中国将其税收投入民用，如公共交通。美国专注军队发展，中国专注民生发展。

So where will the US get the money to do what China does? Not to mention that the US can not easily build high speed rail. Just getting the land can take 5–10 years. Then there are lawsuits. You will be lucky to get land rights in 20 years. Then you have to actually build it using ridiculously expensive US contractors who are very familiar with milking government contracts.

那么，美国哪还有资金来做中国所做的事情呢？更不用说美国建造高速铁路也不是那么容易。光是获得土地就需要5-10年。然后是诉讼。20年后你能获得土地使用权就很幸运了。然后你不得不雇佣贵得离谱的美国承包商来建造它，这些承包商对榨取政府合同的价值非常在行。

It was projected at $4 billion and to be finished in 4 years. It ended up taking 21 years and over $20 Billion dollars. It was ridiculous. This is what happens in the US.

这项工程预计耗资40亿美元，将在4年内完工。它最终花费超过200亿美元，建造时间是21年。这太荒谬了。这就是发生在美国的事情。

Oh, the tunnels altogether were about 3 miles. I mean if that isn’t a laugh, I won’t know what is. If that isn’t massive corruption I don’t know what is.

哦，这些隧道总共大约有3英里。我的意思是，如果这不是一个笑话，我将不知道什么是。如果这不是大规模的腐败，我不知道还有什么是。

And it isn’t cheap. It’s like $3.50 to $5 USD for the tolls each way.

而且也不便宜，单程通行费大概是3.5到5美元。

Ed Tsoi 
Many cities in China have population of many millions, congestion in cities like Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai are sometimes unbearable. In order to solve the problem, as well as decreasing pollution by cars and other reasons, public transport fares are deliberately lowered, not to memtion that the elderly have other benefits.

中国许多城市有数百万人口，北京、广州和上海等城市的交通拥堵有时令人无法忍受。为了解决这个问题，以及减少汽车污染等原因，公共交通票价被故意降低，老年人乘车在这基础上还有折扣。

As the government has surplus, they treat it as public service for the general good for the society. In other countries, they have to meet costs and other expenses. I believe in Western Europe like Germany, public transport is also affordable.

由于政府拥有剩余资金，他们把这些资金用于解决民生问题，为社会公益服务。在其他国家，他们必须支付成本和其他费用。我相信在西欧国家，像德国，公共交通也是负担得起的。

David Reid 
Because it is very heavily subsidised is the answer to that, and to the benefit of the whole country rather than a sext few

因为它得到了非常大量的补贴，这就是答案，而且是为了整个国家的利益，而不是少数人的利益

Yunxue Chen 
Government subsidies.

政府补贴。

Mass of bus lines, all metros, and all train transportation are run and managed by the government.

大量的公共汽车线路，所有的地铁，所有的铁路运输都是由政府经营管理的。