他是丹麦“辛德勒”:南京大屠杀期间,冒险救下数万中国人

他是一个普通的丹麦青年,身高1米72,长相平平,只接受过基础教育,82年前漂洋过海来到南京,在南京大屠杀期间,为2万名中国难民提供了关键的庇护。
当年的中国人赞许他“见义勇为”,称他为“中国之友”,他的义举逐渐成为传奇故事。
他就是,贝恩哈尔·阿尔普·辛德贝格(Bernhard Arp Sindberg)。

辛德贝格在他的丹麦老家也许并不家喻户晓,但在中国,这位奥胡斯人却因在1937到1938年的南京大屠杀中救下了数以万计的中国人而受到尊敬。
During the horrific Nanjing massacre, an estimated 300,000 Chinese people were tortured, maimed, raped, and murdered by occupying Japanese troops in the six weeks starting on Dec 13, 1937. The Dane from Aarhus, who was 26 at the time, succeeded in saving around 20,000 people by protecting them in a Danish cement factory in the city, where he worked as a guard.
在当年令人毛骨悚然的南京大屠杀期间,从1937年12月13日起到之后的六周内,大约有三十万中国人被日军折磨、迫害、强奸、谋杀。这位来自丹麦奥胡斯市的26岁年轻人,作为南京一所丹麦水泥厂的保安,成功救助了约2万名中国人。
1 与中国结缘
辛德贝格天生爱冒险。第一次偷偷跑出家门时他才两岁,后来被家人找了回来。大些后又骑着自行车跨越了大半个丹麦。
17岁时,在没有家人的限制后,他去美国旅行了3年。回到丹麦后,他参加了法国外籍兵团,但对摩洛哥当地人文和恶劣的环境感到失望。在服役十个月后,他又跑了。
When he was 17, he went to the United States of America for three years before returning home and joining the French Foreign Legion. But he was disappointed by the people and the harsh environment in the Moroccan desert and ran off after 10 months in service.
后来,他辗转来到了中国,在中国的这段时间,他换了各种工作。

1934年辛德贝格来到中国后,先在上海华懋饭店(现在的上海和平饭店)当了两个月接待员,但因为脾气火爆被炒。随后,他在一家丹麦牛奶厂工作,也因相同原因被辞。
后来,他到一家丹麦军备和飞机制造厂工作,主要帮南京的国民政府演示该公司的武器。

再后来,他成了一名《每日电讯报》记者的助理和司机。后来那名记者被日军杀害,辛德贝格换到一家水泥厂工作。
After the correspondent’s death, Sindberg moved to Nanjing and secured a job as a watchman at the Jiangnan Cement Factory—China’s biggest cement facility, which used modern techniques and equipment imported from Denmark and Germany—where he was tasked with protecting equipment.
直到1937年11月那名记者被日本侵略者杀害之后,辛德贝格来到了南京的一家水泥厂当保安。这家水泥厂是当时中国最大的水泥厂,使用的技术和设备都进口于丹麦和德国,他当时主要的任务是保护设备。

连辛德贝格也没想到,从此他的人生发生了转折。这份工作让他保护了上万名南京市民……
Sindberg, together with Karl Gunther, a German engineer who also worked at the cement factory, decided to open the factory gates to the people of Nanjing. After a few days, thousands had taken refuge there.
南京大屠杀爆发后,辛德贝格和在水泥厂工作的德国工程师卡尔·金特决定向南京人民打开水泥厂的大门,几天后这里庇护了数千人。
To ward off the Japanese bombs, Sindberg painted a huge Danish flag on the roof of the cement factory and raised both the Danish flag and two German swastika flags – two nations the Japanese respected and were not at war with. The flags helped deter Japanese troops from entering.
为了防止日军轰炸,辛德贝格在水泥厂屋顶画了一大面丹麦国旗,并且升起了丹麦国旗和两面纳粹党旗——这两面旗帜都受日军尊重且当时日本与丹麦和德国没有战事。这些旗帜阻止了日军进入水泥厂。
光是保护难民不受日军的骚扰还不够,这些人中不少人还受了伤。辛德贝格和金特为此搭建了临时医院。
Sindberg and Gunther set up a makeshift hospital for the Chinese refugees, and repeatedly risked their lives by driving out into the occupied city to collect food, medicine and supplies from the Red Cross.
辛德贝格和金特为中国避难者建了一所临时医院,并且多次冒着生命危险去城里被侵占的地区搜集食物、药品和红十字提供的物资。
The Chinese estimate that Sindberg saved at least 20,000 people during the massacre, which has been called ‘the forgotten Holocaust’. He is still revered in China for his efforts.
中国估计辛德贝格大概在这场被称作“被遗忘的大屠杀”中救下了至少2万中国人。他的人道精神和无畏义举至今仍受到中国人民的尊敬和怀念。
1938年3月,在日军逼迫下,辛德贝格离开了南京,难民代表和流亡至沪的工厂经理称赞他“见义勇为”,并绣了一面条幅赠送给他,以示感谢与纪念。
在1938年离开中国后,他还来到瑞士日内瓦等地放映证实南京大屠杀的影片,把日本军队在南京的暴行公之于众。
1984年4月,辛德贝格因病在美国去世,他终身未婚死后骨灰撒入大海。
2 “丹麦英雄”回家了
为了纪念他的英雄事迹,8月31日,在丹麦奥胡斯市马瑟里斯堡纪念公园(Marselisbourg Memorial Park),丹麦女王玛格丽特二世(Danish Queen Margrethe II)亲自揭幕了一个3米高的辛德贝格铜像,这是南京市赠送给奥胡斯市的礼物。

这个纪念雕像由中国艺术家尚荣、傅礼成以及丹麦的莱娜·德斯门蒂克(Lene Desmentik)三人共同完成。
The memorial is a gift to Aarhus from the city of Nanjing, which wanted to honor Sindberg, who has been called the Danish Schindler and who is known as “the greatest Dane” to this day in China.
这是南京为了纪念“丹麦的辛德勒——辛德贝格”而送给奥胡斯的礼物。辛德贝格也是中国民众口中“最伟大的丹麦人”。
丹麦女王玛格丽特二世在雕像揭幕仪式上说道:
“It’s clear that Bernhard Arp Sindberg has been of great importance to Nanjing and all of China. He is a reminder that a single person can make a difference.”
“很明显贝恩哈尔·阿尔普·辛德贝格对南京和整个中国都非常重要。他的义举表明只身一人仍可以有所作为。”

在纪念碑揭幕仪式上,奥胡斯市长雅各布·本斯高(Jacob Bundsgaard)说,在人类历史上为数不多的最残忍的一次大屠杀中,辛德贝格展现“很不同寻常的品格(a man of extraordinary character)”。

南京政府新闻办主任彭振刚在揭幕仪式上说道:
“During the 72 years of his adventurous life, Sindberg had 106 days closely interwoven with the people of Nanjing by witnessing the darkest moment in the history of human civilization—the Nanjing massacre. In the face of catastrophe and death, Sindberg did not retreat or escape, he set up and took care of a refugee camp inJiangnan Cement Works, increasing the chance of survival for tens of thousands of Chinese.”
在辛德贝格72年的人生旅途中,有106个日夜与南京人民生死与共,一起经历了人类文明史上最黑暗的时刻——侵华日军南京大屠杀。面对死亡,辛德贝格没有退缩、逃避。他参与建立江南水泥厂难民区,庇护了数以万计的南京民众。

He said Sindberg recorded everything he had witnessed, leaving behind “irrefutable evidence for us to remember that part of the history and giving the best interpretation of the fraternity and courage to reach out to the people in need and assist the people in distress at the risk of his own life.”
他说辛德贝格记录、传播他所看到的一切,为我们今天了解、铭记这段历史留下了铁证。诠释了扶危济困、舍身相助的博爱与勇气。
3 雕像制作
本次“辛德贝格”雕像主创之一,来自南京大学雕塑艺术研究所的尚荣说:
“During our research, the image of this legendary figure becomes increasingly clearer and more distinctive,” said Shang Rong. “There are photos of Sindberg, in his youth and old age, archived in the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing massacre by Japanese Invaders and the Nanjing Library, some are passport photos, some are from old newspaper clips. In all these photos he looked at the camera with a jolly smile, so we gather that he is a cheerful man.”
“他是一个传奇人物,雕塑创作过程中,形象也愈加清晰,浮现眼前。”尚荣说,“我们在南京大屠杀纪念馆、南京图书馆里找到了多张他的照片。有护照上的,有旧报纸上的;有年轻朝气,也有暮年垂老。但无论是什么时候,他总是以诙谐活跃的姿态笑对镜头。从而我们判定,他很阳光。”

经过反复推敲、锤炼、理解后,尚荣和傅礼成开始了实际创作,试图塑造出一个英姿挺拔的、帅气的,人们希望的英雄形象。
但,待基本完成后,两个艺术家总觉得缺了点什么。

“The cheerfulness was absent. We tried but our perception seemed still constrained by images from the old photos. Those moments in the photos would not suffice to reflect the richness and depth of his life, and the vividness is lacking,” said Shang Rong.
“(雕像)缺少了欢快!尽管我们努力去靠近,但因为总被历史老照片的形象束缚着,生搬硬套,便显得很封闭。可以说,相机定格下的这一瞬间不足以反映他的一生,更是少了人物的灵性。”尚荣说。
“For this purpose, we visited Aarhus, talked to the local community and observed local life, which manifests a true love of nature, health, environmental protection and sports, etc. We believe these should be the features and spirit of Sindberg too.”
“为此,我们两人特意去丹麦奥胡斯走访体验,与当地人沟通,观察他们的生活。总结下来,就是热爱自然、崇尚健康、注重环保、喜欢运动等等,所以我们想,这应当也是辛德贝格身上所带有的特征与品质吧。”

待小样捏好后,这一次,尚荣把定稿方案发给德斯门蒂克。不出多日,德斯门蒂克给出了她的想法,即在雕塑之外添加了两个45度角交叉叠加的空门柱。
它代表“希望之门”,是战乱中守护城市和百姓的城门化身,是跨越生死、阻挡战火、守卫和平并指引希望与未来的象征。
除此之外,通过多方沟通和建议,塑像底座上还特别加入了一块“城墙砖”设计,它是威武不屈英雄精神的象征。在南京的至暗时刻,古城墙如卫士一般阻挡着战争与屠杀,保护着城民,每一块城砖都是历史的沉淀。

就这样,在丹麦奥胡斯市马瑟里斯堡纪念公园,辛德贝格面朝大海,张开双臂,欢迎难民们的到来,拥抱和平,迎接着东方升起的太阳。

来源:中国日报双语新闻(Chinadaily_Mobile)
记者:王铭洁
编辑:陈月华
实习生:姚圣琪
中国日报社欧洲分社出品