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逻辑语义篇Ⅰ-Sense Relation(Semantics)

2023-08-21 21:39 作者:冯明杨  | 我要投稿

逻辑语义篇Ⅰ

 

 

Ⅰ「Sense Relation between Words」

 

先说能听得懂的,

There are generally three kids of sense relations, namely, <sameness relation> <oppositeness relation> <inclusiveness relation>.

 

也可以再分为五个关系,

 

 

「Synonymy」

Words that are close in meaning are called <synonyms>.

E.g. buy, purchase; establish, build; start, begin, commence; kid, child, offspring.

 

 

又可分为<Dialectal方言同义词> <Stylistic文体同义词> <Emotional感情同义词> <Collocational搭配同义词> <Semantic shades语义细微差别同义词>!

 

 

<Dialectal Synonyms> are words which have the same meaning but used in different regional dialects.


autumn(英)——fall(美)

lift(英)——elevator(美)

baggage(英)——luggage(美)

eraser(英)——rubber(美)

flat(英)——apartment(美)

windscreen(英)——windshield(美)

 

 

<Stylistic Synonyms> are words which have the same meaning but different style.

 

E.g. father, daddy, dad, male parent.

start, begin, commence;

kid, child, offspring.

die, decease, pass away.

 

 

与<Stylistic Synonyms>相反的是<Semantic Shades Synonyms>, they are words which seem to have the same meaning but essentially different in use.

E.g. amaze, astound在意思上都接近surprise, 但有一些差距。前者&混乱,疑惑,后者&震惊及难以置信。 

 

 

<Emotional Synonyms> are words which have the same meaning but different in their emotive or evaluative meaning.

E.g. collaborator协作者, accomplice共犯; 两者都是指帮助其他人的人,但一个是正面的,一个是负面的。

 

 

<Collocational Synonyms>

I.e. 当我们描述已经变质的东西,对于不同的食物,搭配的形容词不同。rotten tomatoes, addled eggs, rancid butter, sour milk.

I.e.当我们说一个人犯错甚至犯罪的时候,我们用“accuse…of…” “charge…with…” “rebuke…for…”搭配不同的介词。

 

[辨证概念]——<搭配同义词><影子同义词>区别在于astonish, amaze都可以用在同一主体上,有替代关系。但addled, rancid不能用在同一主体上,横向使用。

 

 

 

 

「Anonymy」

Words that are opposite in meaning.

分为<Gradable Antonyms> <Complementary Antonyms> <Relational Opposites>.

 

<Gradable Antonyms>

not good≠bad, no good可以是so so(马马虎虎)或average.

very good, very bad; better, worse; the best, the worst; hot, warm, cool, cold.

 

&程度词、分等级

 

&相对性,不绝对。比如big car比a small plane要小得多。再有,微生物和微型计算机同样是“micro”, 但不能同台比较。

 

&覆盖性,即表示较高程度的单词通常可以作为整个性质的覆盖词。比如“How old are you?”中的old就涵盖了old和young. 同理,“How long is it?” “How much it costs?”

Length, height, width, breadth, depth, speed, price等都有相应的<the cover term>.

 

 

<Complementary Antonyms>

alive——dead

male——female

present——absent

innocent——guilty

odd——even

pass——fail

hit——miss

boy——girl

 

&二元对立、非左即右、非黑即白。

There is no intermediate ground between the two.

In other words, it is a question of two term choice: yes or no; not a multiple choice.

 

 

 

<等级反义><互补反义>区别和差异,有四,

其一是一张图,如图,

记得把图画到答题卡上!

 

其二,<very>等程度词不可修饰<Complementary Antonyms>, 不能说very alive, very present.

 

其三,According to logical semantics,

如果<a proposition一个命题> is true, 则<the contradictory> is false. 不是男就是女。

而“The coffee is hot” “The coffee is cold”这一对相反的命题都可能是假的。

 

其四,拿着前者所拥有的属性,对照对照,后者没有的就是区别!!!互补反义词没有覆盖词,没有相对性。

 

 

[头脑风暴]——我知道肯定有bug, 但这个就是定性去区别的。如果比如“true”, “false”, 小脑瓜想到“有没有一种可能,开放题?或者就没有正确答案。”有些时候true=not false, 有些时候true≠not false. 你感觉归到哪里就归到哪里吧,超纲了!放飞自我,不要约束!

 

 

既然有bug, [胡]给了补丁,在此基础上再分了一个<Converse Antonymy>

buy——sell

before——after

lend—borrow

give——receive

parent—child

husband—wife

host——guest

employer——employee

teacher——student

above——below

 

比如,很显然,before, after有<相对性>,且有intermediate ground, 但又不能被程度词修饰。

有些时候貌似可以说二元对立,比如你画一个数轴,随便取一个非零的数,你要么在o左边,要么在右边。

 

【分类法有局限性,具体问题具体分析】!

 

 

然后,这里就要批评下[胡]大师不懂事了,parent—child; husband—wife; host——guest; employer——employee; teacher——student.

我感觉这明显不能分到一组同台竞技,至少是实体,你见过实体有反义词吗?Teacher对应student吗?为什么不能是schoolmaster呢?这是社会角色的对应,社会关系赋予的对照。

 

英雄所见略同,[戴]大师给了补丁<Relational Opposites>, 又可理解为<Counterpart>.

father——son

teacher——pupil

doctor——patient

buy——sell

let——rent

 

<买><卖>、<出租><租借>这两组词,

首先,不能说“非常买”“极其出租”,没有程度性可言。

其次,不是二元对立,我可以不买,我也可以不卖,不是自然的对立关系。

再者,你画不出图对应,“买”没有相反面,或者你如果默认“买”的对立面是“卖”,中间地带是“不买不卖”,但其特征是非典型的、异常的。

 

那对立是谁赋予的呢?想想看,就是<社会存在、社会关系、生产资料与生产关系>的社会性赋予的。

所以,把它们归为<Relational Opposites>而从<Converse Antonymy>中分开是合理的。

 

 

但是,怎么说呐,现状是[胡][戴]不统一意见,[胡]没涉及<Relational Opposites>, [戴]没涉及<Converse Antonymy>, 把all the atypical antonyms归到各自给的概念里面。

 

现状就是这么一个现状,converse搭配antonymy, relational搭配opposite, 自己看着办!

 

关于<Converse Antonymy>的独特性,在于,我们说“X is good” “X is male”, without presupposing Y.

But with relational opposite, there are always a counterpart.

If there is a buyer, there must also be a seller.

如果一个人能被称作son, 他需要parent, 这就是对应关系。不能还没结婚呐,哪来抱孙子!

 

 

 

 

「Polysemy」

即,一词多义!

 

&一个词用得越频繁,应用越泛化,它就越有可能多义。

 

&一词多义,也可以看作词义的增加、发展及变化的过程。

 

 

 

 

「Homonymy」

They are words which have different meanings but have the same sound or form.



 

[戴]他以身作则,直面恐惧,勇敢回答了一个千古难题——假如一个词有很多意思,那它是<Polysemy>还是<Complete Homonyms>?

戴:这是个很有趣但很难回答的问题。

具体问题具体分析!

 

 

 

 

「Hyponymy上下义关系」

It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The former is called <Superordinate上坐标词>, and the latter is called <hyponyms下义词>. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are <Co-hyponyms> to each other. The superordinate includes all its hyponyms.

 

It is a matter of class membership. Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion.

 



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