逻辑语义篇Ⅰ-Sense Relation(Semantics)
逻辑语义篇Ⅰ
Ⅰ「Sense Relation between Words」
先说能听得懂的,
There are generally three kids of sense relations, namely, <sameness relation> <oppositeness relation> <inclusiveness relation>.
也可以再分为五个关系,
「Synonymy」
Words that are close in meaning are called <synonyms>.
E.g. buy, purchase; establish, build; start, begin, commence; kid, child, offspring.
又可分为<Dialectal方言同义词> <Stylistic文体同义词> <Emotional感情同义词> <Collocational搭配同义词> <Semantic shades语义细微差别同义词>!
<Dialectal Synonyms> are words which have the same meaning but used in different regional dialects.

autumn(英)——fall(美)
lift(英)——elevator(美)
baggage(英)——luggage(美)
eraser(英)——rubber(美)
flat(英)——apartment(美)
windscreen(英)——windshield(美)
<Stylistic Synonyms> are words which have the same meaning but different style.
E.g. father, daddy, dad, male parent.
start, begin, commence;
kid, child, offspring.
die, decease, pass away.
与<Stylistic Synonyms>相反的是<Semantic Shades Synonyms>, they are words which seem to have the same meaning but essentially different in use.
E.g. amaze, astound在意思上都接近surprise, 但有一些差距。前者&混乱,疑惑,后者&震惊及难以置信。
<Emotional Synonyms> are words which have the same meaning but different in their emotive or evaluative meaning.
E.g. collaborator协作者, accomplice共犯; 两者都是指帮助其他人的人,但一个是正面的,一个是负面的。
<Collocational Synonyms>
I.e. 当我们描述已经变质的东西,对于不同的食物,搭配的形容词不同。rotten tomatoes, addled eggs, rancid butter, sour milk.
I.e.当我们说一个人犯错甚至犯罪的时候,我们用“accuse…of…” “charge…with…” “rebuke…for…”搭配不同的介词。
[辨证概念]——<搭配同义词><影子同义词>区别在于astonish, amaze都可以用在同一主体上,有替代关系。但addled, rancid不能用在同一主体上,横向使用。
「Anonymy」
Words that are opposite in meaning.
分为<Gradable Antonyms> <Complementary Antonyms> <Relational Opposites>.
<Gradable Antonyms>
not good≠bad, no good可以是so so(马马虎虎)或average.
very good, very bad; better, worse; the best, the worst; hot, warm, cool, cold.
&程度词、分等级
&相对性,不绝对。比如big car比a small plane要小得多。再有,微生物和微型计算机同样是“micro”, 但不能同台比较。
&覆盖性,即表示较高程度的单词通常可以作为整个性质的覆盖词。比如“How old are you?”中的old就涵盖了old和young. 同理,“How long is it?” “How much it costs?”
Length, height, width, breadth, depth, speed, price等都有相应的<the cover term>.
<Complementary Antonyms>
alive——dead
male——female
present——absent
innocent——guilty
odd——even
pass——fail
hit——miss
boy——girl
&二元对立、非左即右、非黑即白。
There is no intermediate ground between the two.
In other words, it is a question of two term choice: yes or no; not a multiple choice.
<等级反义><互补反义>区别和差异,有四,
其一是一张图,如图,

记得把图画到答题卡上!
其二,<very>等程度词不可修饰<Complementary Antonyms>, 不能说very alive, very present.
其三,According to logical semantics,
如果<a proposition一个命题> is true, 则<the contradictory> is false. 不是男就是女。
而“The coffee is hot” “The coffee is cold”这一对相反的命题都可能是假的。
其四,拿着前者所拥有的属性,对照对照,后者没有的就是区别!!!互补反义词没有覆盖词,没有相对性。
[头脑风暴]——我知道肯定有bug, 但这个就是定性去区别的。如果比如“true”, “false”, 小脑瓜想到“有没有一种可能,开放题?或者就没有正确答案。”有些时候true=not false, 有些时候true≠not false. 你感觉归到哪里就归到哪里吧,超纲了!放飞自我,不要约束!
既然有bug, [胡]给了补丁,在此基础上再分了一个<Converse Antonymy>
buy——sell
before——after
lend—borrow
give——receive
parent—child
husband—wife
host——guest
employer——employee
teacher——student
above——below
比如,很显然,before, after有<相对性>,且有intermediate ground, 但又不能被程度词修饰。
有些时候貌似可以说二元对立,比如你画一个数轴,随便取一个非零的数,你要么在o左边,要么在右边。
【分类法有局限性,具体问题具体分析】!
然后,这里就要批评下[胡]大师不懂事了,parent—child; husband—wife; host——guest; employer——employee; teacher——student.
我感觉这明显不能分到一组同台竞技,至少是实体,你见过实体有反义词吗?Teacher对应student吗?为什么不能是schoolmaster呢?这是社会角色的对应,社会关系赋予的对照。
英雄所见略同,[戴]大师给了补丁<Relational Opposites>, 又可理解为<Counterpart>.
father——son
teacher——pupil
doctor——patient
buy——sell
let——rent
<买><卖>、<出租><租借>这两组词,
首先,不能说“非常买”“极其出租”,没有程度性可言。
其次,不是二元对立,我可以不买,我也可以不卖,不是自然的对立关系。
再者,你画不出图对应,“买”没有相反面,或者你如果默认“买”的对立面是“卖”,中间地带是“不买不卖”,但其特征是非典型的、异常的。
那对立是谁赋予的呢?想想看,就是<社会存在、社会关系、生产资料与生产关系>的社会性赋予的。
所以,把它们归为<Relational Opposites>而从<Converse Antonymy>中分开是合理的。
但是,怎么说呐,现状是[胡][戴]不统一意见,[胡]没涉及<Relational Opposites>, [戴]没涉及<Converse Antonymy>, 把all the atypical antonyms归到各自给的概念里面。
现状就是这么一个现状,converse搭配antonymy, relational搭配opposite, 自己看着办!
关于<Converse Antonymy>的独特性,在于,我们说“X is good” “X is male”, without presupposing Y.
But with relational opposite, there are always a counterpart.
If there is a buyer, there must also be a seller.
如果一个人能被称作son, 他需要parent, 这就是对应关系。不能还没结婚呐,哪来抱孙子!
「Polysemy」
即,一词多义!
&一个词用得越频繁,应用越泛化,它就越有可能多义。
&一词多义,也可以看作词义的增加、发展及变化的过程。
「Homonymy」
They are words which have different meanings but have the same sound or form.

[戴]他以身作则,直面恐惧,勇敢回答了一个千古难题——假如一个词有很多意思,那它是<Polysemy>还是<Complete Homonyms>?
戴:这是个很有趣但很难回答的问题。
具体问题具体分析!
「Hyponymy上下义关系」
It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The former is called <Superordinate上坐标词>, and the latter is called <hyponyms下义词>. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are <Co-hyponyms> to each other. The superordinate includes all its hyponyms.
It is a matter of class membership. Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion.
