英文科技论文写作样式指南-数字和单词用法

英文科技论文写作样式指南-数字和单词用法

 

本文英文内容摘自

"Anne M. Coghill, Lorrin R. Garson. The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006"

第二部分（Part 2. Style Guidelines）

第11章（11. Numbers, Mathematics, and Units of Measure）

第203–207页

 

Numeral and Word Usage

数字和单词用法

 

Ø  Use   numerals with units of time or measure, and use a space between the numeral   and the unit, except %, $, ° (angular degrees), ′ (angular minutes), and ″   (angular seconds).

Ø  使用带有时间或度量单位的数字，并在数字和单位之间使用空格，除了%、$、°（角度）、′（角分）和″（角秒）。

 

6 min                                 25 mL                                125 V/s

0.30 g                                50%                                   $250

273 K                                47°8′23″                            180°（但是180 °C）

90 °F                                 50 μg of compound/dL of water

 

例外：

Spell   out numbers with units of measure used in a nontechnical sense.

非技术意义上使用的度量单位拼写数字。

 

If   you take five minutes to read this article, you’ll be surprised.

若花五分钟时间阅读本文，你会感到惊讶。

 

Ø  With   items other than units of time or measure, use words for cardinal numbers   less than 10; use numerals for 10 and above. Spell out ordinals “first”   through “ninth”; use numerals for 10th or greater.

Ø  对于时间或度量单位以外的条目，基数小于10使用单词；10及以上使用数字。拼写出序数“first”到“ninth”；使用数字表示10th或更大。

 

three flasks                               30 flasks

third flask                                 12th flask

seven trees                                10 trees

eighth example                         33rd example

first century                              21st century

sixfold                                      20-fold

 

例外1：

Use   all numerals in a series or range containing numbers 10 or greater, even in   nontechnical text.

包含数字10或以上的系列或范围中均使用数字，即使在非技术文本中也是如此。

 

例1：5, 8, and 12 experiments

例2：2nd and 20th samples

例3：5–15 repetitions

 

例外2：

Use   all numerals for numbers modifying nouns in parallel construction in the same   sentence if one of the numbers is 10 or greater.

如果其中一个数字大于或等于10，则在同一句子中用平行结构修饰名词的数字均使用数字。

 

例1：Activity was reduced in 2 pairs, not significantly changed in 11 pairs, and increased in 6 pairs.

例2：We present new results pertaining to 12 phenanthrolines and 3 porphyrins.

 

例外3：

For   very large numbers used in a nontechnical sense, use a combination of numerals   and words.

对于非技术意义上使用的非常大的数字，请使用数字和单词的组合。

 

例1：1 billion tons

例2：180 million people

例3：2 million pounds (而非lb)

例4：4.5 billion years

例5：$15 million (而非15 million dollars)

 

Ø  When   a sentence starts with a specific quantity, spell out the number as well as   the unit of measure.

Ø  当一个句子以一个特定数量开头时，拼写出数字和度量单位。

 

例1：Twelve species were evaluated in this study.

例2：Twenty slides of each blood sample were prepared.

例3：Fifteen milliliters of supernate was added to the reaction vessel.

例4：Twenty-five milliliters of acetone was added, and the mixture was centrifuged.

 

However,   if possible, recast the sentence.

但是，若有可能，则改写这个句子。

 

示例：

Acetone (25 mL) was added, and the mixture was centrifuged.

A 25 mL portion of acetone was added, and the mixture was centrifuged.

 

Ø  Even   when a sentence starts with a spelled-out quantity, use numerals when   appropriate in the rest of the sentence.

Ø  即使一个句子以拼写的数量开头，也要在句子的其余部分适当使用数字。

 

例1：Twenty-five milliliters of acetone and 5 mL of HCl were added.

例2：Three micrograms of sample was dissolved in 20 mL of acid.

例3：Fifty samples were collected, but only 22 were tested.

 

Ø  Use   numerals for expressions used in a mathematical sense.

Ø  用数字表示数学意义上的表达式。

 

例1：The incidence of disease increased by a factor of 4.

例2：The yield of product was decreased by 6 orders of magnitude.

例3：The efficiency of the reaction was increased 2-fold.

例4：After 2 half-lives, the daughter product could be measured.

例5：The control group had 3 times the risk for colon cancer.

例6：The values are determined with 5 degrees of freedom.

 

Ø  When   the suffix “fold” is used in a nonmathematical sense, spell out the   accompanying number if it is less than 10.

Ø  当后缀“fold”在非数学意义上使用时，若它小于10，请拼写出所附数字。

 

例1：The purpose of this discussion is twofold.

 

Ø  When   the word “times” is used in a nonmathematical sense, spell out the   accompanying number if it is less than 10.

Ø  当单词“times”在非数学意义上使用时，若它小于10，请拼写出所附数字。

 

例1：The beaker was rinsed four times.

 

Ø  Use   numerals in ratios.

Ø  在比率中使用数字。

 

例1：a ratio of 1:10

例2：a ratio of 1/10

例3：a 1:1 (v/v) mixture

例4：a 1/1 (v/v) mixture

 

Ø  In   dates, use numerals without ordinal endings.

Ø  在日期中，使用不带序数词尾的数字。

 

例1：January 3, Jan 3 (而非January 3rd, Jan 3rd)

例2：September 5, Sept 5 (而非September 5th, Sept 5th)

 

Ø  Use   numerals for decades, and form their plurals by adding an “s”. Do not use   apostrophes in any position.

Ø  对于几十年请使用数字，并通过添加“s”形成复数。不要在任何位置使用撇号。

 

例1：the 1960s (而非the 1960’s, not the ’60s)

例2：values in the 90s (而非the 90’s)

例3：She is in her 20s. (而非her 20’s)

 

Ø  Use   numerals with a.m. and p.m.

Ø  与a.m.和p.m.一起时使用数字。

 

例1：12:15 a.m.

例2：4:00 p.m.

 

Ø  Spell   out and hyphenate fractions whose terms are both less than 10. If one of the   terms is 10 or greater, use a piece fraction.

Ø  拼写出术语都小于10的分数并用连字符连接。如果其中一项为10或更大，则使用一个分数。

 

例1：one-quarter of the experiments

例2：two-thirds of the results

例3：¹⁄₂₀ of the subjects

例4：¹⁄₁₂ of the volume

 

Ø  Use   numerals to label figures, tables, schemes, structures, charts, equations,   and references. Number sequentially; do not skip numbers or number out of   sequence. Use arabic numerals for references, but for the other items, the   use of arabic and roman numerals varies among ACS publications. Consult a   recent issue or author instructions to determine what system is preferred.

Ø  使用数字标记图形（figure）、表格（table）、方案（scheme）、结构（structure）、图表（chart）、公式（equation）和参考文献（reference）。按顺序编号；切勿跳过数字或数字不按顺序排列。使用阿拉伯数字作为参考文献，但对于其它条目，阿拉伯数字和罗马数字的使用因ACS出版物而异。查阅最近的一期或作者说明，以确定首选系统。

 

Ø  In   journal articles and book chapters, instead of repeating chemical names over   and over, use numerals in boldface (not italic) type to identify chemical   species. Use these identifiers only in text, not in article or chapter   titles, and number consecutively.

Ø  在期刊文章和书籍章节中，不要反复重复化学名称，而是使用粗体（而非斜体）数字来识别化学物种。仅在文本中使用这些标识符，而不在文章或章节标题中使用，并连续编号。

 

例1： This paper describes the syntheses, structures, and stereodynamic behavior of the novel hexacoordinate silicon complexes 1–4.

例2：The cyclization of 1,3,5-hexatriene (6) to 1,3-cyclohexadiene (7) is predicted to proceed more rapidly in an electrostatic field.

例3：Complexes 8–12, in the presence of monoamine oxidase, produce active catalysts for propylene polymerization.

例4：Primary amines 2–5, 7, and 9 gave the same Cotton effect signs, depending on the configuration.

例5：Monomer III reacts with the initiator (I, Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) via a ring-opening metathesis polymerization mechanism.

 

Ø  Numerals   may be used to name members of a series.

Ø  数字可以用来命名一个系列的成员。

 

例1：Sample 1 contained a high level of contamination, but samples 2 and 3 were relatively pure.

例2：Methods 1 and 2 were used for water-soluble compounds, and methods 3 and 4 were used for oil-soluble compounds.

 

Ø  When   numerals are used as names and not enumerators, form their plurals by adding   an apostrophe and “s” to avoid confusion with mathematical expressions and to   make it clear that the “s” is not part of the name.

Ø  当数字用作名称而非枚举数时，通过添加撇号（所有格符号）和“s”来形成复数，以避免与数学表达式混淆，并明确“s”不是名称的一部分。

 

例1：The athlete received five 9’s from the judges.

例2：Boeing 747’s are among the largest airplanes.

 

Ø  Arabic   numerals in parentheses may be used to enumerate a list of phrases or   sentences in text. Always use an opening and a closing parenthesis, not one   alone.

Ø  括号中的阿拉伯数字可以用来列举文本中的短语或句子列表。始终使用左括号和右括号，而不是单个使用。

 

例1：Some advantages of these materials are (1) their electrical properties after pyrolysis, (2) their ability to be modified chemically before pyrolysis, and (3) their abundance and low cost.

例2：The major conclusions are the following: (1) We have further validated the utility of molecular mechanical methods in simulating the kinetics of these reactions. (2) A comparison of the calculated structures with available X-ray structures revealed satisfactory agreement. (3) The combined use of different theoretical approaches permitted characterization of the properties of a new isomer.

 

Ø  Arabic   numerals followed by periods or enclosed in parentheses may be used to   enumerate a displayed list of sentences or to number paragraphs. Here are two   acceptable ways to format a list.

Ø  后面跟着句点或括号中的阿拉伯数字可用于列举显示的句子列表或为段落编号。这里有两种可以接受的列表格式。

 

例1：

These results suggest the following:

1. Ketones are more acidic than esters.

2. Cyclic carboxylic acids are more acidic than their acyclic analogues.

3. Alkylation of the active methylene carbon reduces the acidity.

例2：

These results suggest the following:

(1) Ketones are more acidic than esters.

(2) Cyclic carboxylic acids are more acidic than their acyclic analogues.

(3) Alkylation of the active methylene carbon reduces the acidity.