【文献速递】【Nature】【2022年】【10月】
声明：本专栏主要对生命科学领域的一些期刊文章标题进行翻译，所有内容均由本人手工整理翻译。由于本人专业为生物分析相关，其他领域如果出现翻译错误请谅解。
矩阵游戏
The cover shows an artistic impression of a matrix multiplication tensor — a 3D array of numbers — in the process of being solved by deep learning. Efficient matrix multiplication algorithms can help speed up many computations, and in this week’s issue, Alhussein Fawzi and his colleagues at DeepMind show how machine learning can uncover faster algorithms. The system, called AlphaTensor, was trained on a game that involved finding the best way to ‘decompose’ a matrix multiplication tensor so as to find matrix multiplication algorithms. After training, AlphaTensor was able to rediscover previously known algorithms as well as to uncover new ones that, in some cases, improved on algorithms that have resisted improvement for more than 50 years.
封面展示了矩阵乘法张量——一个 3D 数字数组——正在被深度学习解决的艺术印象。高效的矩阵乘法算法可以帮助加速许多计算，在本周的期刊中，Alhussein Fawzi 和他在DeepMind的同事展示了机器学习如何发现更快的算法。这个名为AlphaTensor的系统接受了一个游戏的训练，该游戏涉及寻找“分解”矩阵乘法张量的最佳方法，从而找到矩阵乘法算法。经过训练后，AlphaTensor能够重新发现以前已知的算法，并发现新的算法，在某些情况下，这些算法改进了50多年来一直拒绝改进的算法。
黯然失色的乌龟
Different terrains can present significant mobility challenges for robots — especially if the robot is required to move between environments. In this week’s issue, Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio and her colleagues present a multi-environment robot that can readily navigate between land and water. The researchers took inspiration from the living world, designing their robot to morph between a tortoise-like configuration for terrestrial terrain and a turtle-like configuration for aquatic environments. The ‘adaptive morphogenesis’ design strategy allows the Amphibious Robotic Turtle to change its limb morphology and gait to cope with the different environments (as illustrated on the cover).
不同的地形会给机器人带来重大的机动性挑战——尤其是当机器人需要在环境之间移动时。 在本周的杂志中，Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio 和她的同事们展示了一个可以在陆地和水域之间轻松导航的多环境机器人。研究人员从生活世界中汲取灵感，将他们的机器人设计为在陆地地形的乌龟状配置和水生环境的乌龟状配置之间变形。“自适应形态发生”设计策略允许两栖机器人乌龟改变其肢体形态和步态以应对不同的环境（如封面所示）。
种族主义
Racism casts a huge shadow on science. People of colour and from other historically marginalized groups have been excluded from the scientific enterprise, research has been used to underpin discriminatory thinking, and research outputs have ignored and further disadvantaged marginalized people. Nature has played its part in creating this divisive legacy. In this special issue – the first in the journal’s 153-year history to be overseen by guest editors — Melissa Nobles, Chad Womack, Ambroise Wonkam and Elizabeth Wathuti present articles that examine some of the ways racism has manifested in science, and the direct and detrimental effects this toxic ideology has had on individuals and their communities. By highlighting these issues, Nature aims to help build a more inclusive future for science, and society, in which people of all colours can thrive.
种族主义给科学蒙上了巨大的阴影。有色人种和其他历史上被边缘化的群体被排除在科学事业之外，研究被用来支持歧视性思维，研究成果忽视并进一步使边缘化人群处于不利地位。大自然在造成这种分裂的遗产方面发挥了作用。在这期特刊中——该杂志153年历史上第一期由客座编辑监督——Melissa Nobles、Chad Womack、Ambroise Wonkam和 Elizabeth Wathuti发表的文章探讨了种族主义在科学中的一些表现方式，以及这种有毒的意识形态对个人及其社区产生的直接和有害影响。通过强调这些问题，《自然》旨在帮助为科学和社会建设一个更具包容性的未来，让各种肤色的人都能在其中茁壮成长。
DNA博格斯
The cover shows an artist’s interpretation of Borgs, a novel kind of extrachromosomal element described by Jillian Banfield and her colleagues in this week’s issue. Many microorganisms have extra genetic information encoded in DNA that is outside their chromosome. These extrachromosomal elements are usually in the form of relatively small plasmids. But in their analysis of groundwater, sediments and wetland soil, Banfield and her colleagues found that species of the methane-oxidizing archaea Methanoperedens hosted unusually large, linear extrachromosomal elements. The team named these elements Borgs — after the aliens in Star Trek — because they assimilate genetic material from other organisms and their environment. The researchers identified at least 19 types of Borg and speculate that they might be helping their hosts to consume methane.
封面展示了一位艺术家对博格斯的诠释，博格斯是吉莉安·班菲尔德（Jillian Banfield）及其同事在本周刊中描述的一种新型染色体外元素。许多微生物在染色体之外的DNA中编码了额外的遗传信息。这些染色体外元件通常以相对较小的质粒形式存在。但在他们对地下水、沉积物和湿地土壤的分析中，Banfield和她的同事发现甲烷氧化古菌Methanoperedens的物种拥有异常大的线性染色体外元素。该团队将这些元素命名为博格斯——以《星际迷航》中的外星人命名——因为它们从其他生物体及其环境中吸收遗传物质。研究人员确定了至少19种博格，并推测它们可能正在帮助宿主消耗甲烷。
1.Vibrations probe magnetic fields inside evolved stars
进化的星星中的振动探头磁场
2.Seasonal peak in Arctic Ocean acidity could shift to the summer
北极海洋酸度的季节性高峰可能会转移到夏天
3.Narrow hiring practices at US universities revealed
在美国大学揭示的狭窄招聘实践
4.Mouse embryo models built from stem cells take shape in a dish
在培养皿中干细胞建造的小鼠胚胎模型
5.A stable alternative to an explosive synthetic reaction
爆炸性合成反应的稳定替代品
6.Magnetic fields of 30 to 100 kG in the cores of red giant stars
红色巨星芯中的30至100公斤的磁场
7.Discovering faster matrix multiplication algorithms with reinforcement learning
通过增强学习发现更快的矩阵乘法算法
8.Extending the spectrum of fully integrated photonics to submicrometre wavelengths
将完全集成的光子学的光谱扩展到亚微米波长
9.P-type electrical contacts for 2D transition-metal dichalcogenides
2D过渡金属二硫化物的P型电触点
10.Compositionally complex doping for zero-strain zero-cobalt layered cathodes
零应变的零钴分层阴极的成分复杂的掺杂
11.Continuous air purification by aqueous interface filtration and absorption
通过水接口过滤和吸收连续空气纯化
12.Photoexcited nitroarenes for the oxidative cleavage of alkenes
光激发硝化烯烃的氧化裂解
13.Molecular editing of aza-arene C–H bonds by distance, geometry and chirality
通过距离、几何学和手性，氮杂芳烃C-H键的分子编辑
14.Arctic Ocean annual high in CO2 could shift from winter to summer
北冰洋每年的二氧化碳浓度高点可能会从冬季转移到夏季
15.Invisible ship tracks show large cloud sensitivity to aerosol
无形的船只轨道显示出大云对气溶胶的敏感性
16.The origin of placental mammal life histories
胎盘哺乳动物生活史的起源
17.The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool
盎格鲁-撒克逊人（Anglo-Saxon）的迁移和早期英语基因库的形成
18.Quantifying hierarchy and dynamics in US faculty hiring and retention
量化美国教师招聘和保留的层次结构和动态
19.State-dependent pupil dilation rapidly shifts visual feature selectivity
状态依赖性瞳孔扩张迅速改变视觉特征选择性
20.Distinguishing externally from saccade-induced motion in visual cortex
从外部区分视觉皮层中由扫视引起的运动
21.Embryo model completes gastrulation to neurulation and organogenesis
胚胎模型完成原肠胚形成到神经形成和器官发生
22.Context-specific emergence and growth of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant
SARS-CoV-2 DELTA变体的特定背景的出现和增长
23.PD-1-cis IL-2R agonism yields better effectors from stem-like CD8+ T cells
PD-1-cis IL-2R激动剂从茎样CD8+ T细胞产生更好的效应子
24.PD-1 combination therapy with IL-2 modifies CD8+ T cell exhaustion program
使用IL-2的PD-1组合疗法修饰CD8+ T细胞耗尽程序
25.Antibody targeting of E3 ubiquitin ligases for receptor degradation
抗体靶向E3泛素连接酶以诱导受体降解
26.A cellular hierarchy in melanoma uncouples growth and metastasis
黑色素瘤的细胞等级将生长和转移分开
27.Biosynthesis of selenium-containing small molecules in diverse microorganisms
多种微生物中含硒的小分子的生物合成
28.Visualizing translation dynamics at atomic detail inside a bacterial cell
可视化细菌细胞内原子细节的翻译动力学
29.Structure of dynein–dynactin on microtubules shows tandem adaptor binding
微管上的动力蛋白-淋巴结的结构显示串联衔接子结合
30.Female birds disguised as males get extra food
伪装成雄性的雌鸟得到额外的食物
31.A walk in the wild helps to tailor robotic leg exoskeletons
在野外散步有助于量身定制机器人腿外骨骼
32.SARS-CoV-2 mimics a host protein to bypass defences
SARS-CoV-2模拟宿主蛋白以绕过防御
33.From the archive: detecting counterfeit whisky, and the legends behind Scottish boulders
从档案中：检测伪造的威士忌，以及苏格兰巨石背后的传说
34.Charge transfer observed in light-activated catalyst particles
在光激活的催化剂颗粒中观察到的电荷转移
35.Human brain organoids influence rat behaviour
人脑类器官会影响大鼠行为
36.Machine assembly of carbohydrates with more than 1,000 sugar units
用1000多个糖单元组装的碳水化合物组合
37.Radiation-driven acceleration in the expanding WR140 dust shell
扩展的WR140防尘壳中以辐射驱动的加速度
38.Optical superluminal motion measurement in the neutron-star merger GW170817
中子星级合并GW170817中的光学静置运动测量
39.Personalizing exoskeleton assistance while walking in the real world
在现实世界中行走时个性化外骨骼协助
40.Multi-environment robotic transitions through adaptive morphogenesis
通过自适应形态发生多种环境机器人过渡
41.Attosecond clocking of correlations between Bloch electrons
布洛赫电子之间相关性的阿秒计时
42.Spatiotemporal imaging of charge transfer in photocatalyst particles
光催化剂颗粒中电荷转移的时空成像
43.An asymmetric sp3–sp3 cross-electrophile coupling using ‘ene’-reductases
使用“烯”重还原酶的不对称sp3–sp3交叉电动耦合
44.Layered subsurface in Utopia Basin of Mars revealed by Zhurong rover radar
Zhurong Rover Radar揭示的乌托邦盆地的分层地下表面
45.Scleromochlus and the early evolution of Pterosauromorpha
硬核菌属和翼龙的早期演变
46.Maturation and circuit integration of transplanted human cortical organoids
移植的人皮质器官的成熟和电路整合
47.Prenatal immune stress blunts microglia reactivity, impairing neurocircuitry
产前免疫应激会减弱小胶质细胞的反应性，损害神经回路
48.Plant receptor-like protein activation by a microbial glycoside hydrolase
植物受体样蛋白通过微生物糖苷水解酶激活
49.Genomics to select treatment for patients with metastatic breast cancer
为转移性乳腺癌患者选择治疗的基因组学
50.CRISPR screens in Drosophila cells identify Vsg as a Tc toxin receptor
果蝇细胞中的CRISPR筛选将Vsg识别为Tc毒素受体
51.Opposing roles of hepatic stellate cell subpopulations in hepatocarcinogenesis
肝星状细胞亚群在肝癌发生中的相反作用
52.Collagenolysis-dependent DDR1 signalling dictates pancreatic cancer outcome
胶原蛋白分解依赖性DDR1信号传导决定胰腺癌结果
53.STING-induced regulatory B cells compromise NK function in cancer immunity
STING诱导的调节B细胞在癌症免疫中妥协NK功能
54.SARS-CoV-2 disrupts host epigenetic regulation via histone mimicry
SARS-CoV-2通过组蛋白模仿破坏宿主表观遗传调节
55.NMR-guided directed evolution
NMR引导的定向进化
56.Structure of the Ebola virus polymerase complex
埃博拉病毒聚合酶复合物的结构
57.Structural basis for directional chitin biosynthesis
定向几丁质生物合成的结构基础
58.Neurons that control walking go round in circles
控制行走的神经元在原地转圈
59.The first genomic portrait of a Neanderthal family
尼安德特人家庭的第一张基因组肖像
60.Embrace wobble to level flight without a horizon
拥抱摆动到没有地平线的水平飞行
61.New catalogue of Earth’s ecosystems
地球生态系统的新目录
62.The gas about Stephan’s Quintet reveals a history of collision
关于斯蒂芬五重奏的气体揭示了碰撞的历史
63.A 0.6 Mpc H I structure associated with Stephan’s Quintet
与斯蒂芬五重奏相关的0.6 MPC H I结构
64.A dense 0.1-solar-mass star in a 51-minute-orbital-period eclipsing binary
51分钟轨道周期的日食双星中一颗密度为0.1倍太阳质量的恒星
65.Entanglement-enhanced matter-wave interferometry in a high-finesse cavity
高精细型腔中的纠缠增强物质波干涉测量法
66.Enhanced interactions of interlayer excitons in free-standing heterobilayers
独立异质双层中层间激子的增强相互作用
67.Accommodating unobservability to control flight attitude with optic flow
适应不可观察性以光流控制飞行姿态
68.Low-hysteresis shape-memory ceramics designed by multimode modelling
通过多模建模设计的低滞后形状记忆陶瓷
69.Nonlinear decision-making with enzymatic neural networks
通过酶神经网络的非线性决策
70.Self-assembly of emulsion droplets through programmable folding
通过可编程折叠的乳液液滴的自组装
71.From planetary to regional boundaries for agricultural nitrogen pollution
从行星到区域边界的农业氮污染
72.A function-based typology for Earth’s ecosystems
基于功能的地球生态系统类型学
73.Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals
对尼安德特人社会组织的遗传见解
74.Movement is governed by rotational neural dynamics in spinal motor networks
运动受脊柱运动网络中旋转神经动力学的控制
75.A wheat resistosome defines common principles of immune receptor channels
小麦抗性体定义了免疫受体通道的共同原则
76.Antibiotic combinations reduce Staphylococcus aureus clearance
抗生素组合减少金黄色葡萄球菌清除率
77.The γδ IEL effector API5 masks genetic susceptibility to Paneth cell death
γδIEL效应子API5掩盖了Paneth细胞死亡的遗传敏感性
78.An LKB1–mitochondria axis controls TH17 effector function
LKB1-线粒体轴控制TH17效应子功能
79.Gut bacteria alleviate smoking-related NASH by degrading gut nicotine
肠道细菌通过降解肠尼古丁来减轻与吸烟有关的NASH
80.Structure of the NuA4 acetyltransferase complex bound to the nucleosome
与核小体结合的NUA4乙酰基转移酶复合酶的结构
81.Structure of the OMEGA nickase IsrB in complex with ωRNA and target DNA
与ωRNA复合物和靶DNA复合物的Omega Nickase ISRB的结构
82.Bespoke library docking for 5-HT2A receptor agonists with antidepressant activity
具有抗抑郁活性的 5-HT2A 受体激动剂的定制文库对接
83.Triassic sauropodomorph eggshell might not be soft
三叠纪蜥脚类动蛋白蛋壳可能不会柔软
84.Reply to: Triassic sauropodomorph eggshell might not be soft
回复：三叠纪蜥脚类动物卵壳可能不会柔软
85.Missing heritability found for height
缺少身高发现的遗传力
86.A leap forward in the quest for general catalysts
追求一般催化剂的飞跃
87.Global soil map pinpoints key sites for conservation
全球土壤地图查明保护的关键站点
88.Mystery find of microbial DNA elements called Borgs
神秘发现称为Borgs的微生物DNA元素
89.From the archive: a plague in frogs, and oxygen consumption after running
从档案中：青蛙中的瘟疫和跑步后的氧气消耗
90.Early gills exchanged ions before hosting gas transfer
早期鳃在进行气体转移之前交换离子
91.How regulatory T cells are primed to aid tolerance of gut bacteria
调节性T细胞的启动如何有助于肠道细菌的耐受性
92.An underground route to grasping the Milky Way’s oldest stars
抓住银河系最古老的明星的地下路线
93.The missing risks of climate change
气候变化的风险缺失
94.General-relativistic precession in a black-hole binary
黑洞二进制中的一般性分解
95.Measurement of 19F(p, γ)20Ne reaction suggests CNO breakout in first stars
19F(p, γ)20Ne反应的测量表明第一颗星中的CNO突破
96.Free-space dissemination of time and frequency with 10−19 instability over 113 km
时间和频率的自由空间传播在113公里以上的10-19不稳定
97.The time-programmable frequency comb and its use in quantum-limited ranging
时间可编程的频率梳子及其在量子限制范围内的使用
98.Shape memory in self-adapting colloidal crystals
在自适应胶体晶体中形成记忆
99.Screening for generality in asymmetric catalysis
筛选不对称催化中的普遍性
100.Comprehensive evidence implies a higher social cost of CO2
全面的证据意味着二氧化碳的社会成本更高
101.Global hotspots for soil nature conservation
土壤自然保护的全球热点
102.Ion regulation at gills precedes gas exchange and the origin of vertebrates
鳃的离子调节先于气体交换和脊椎动物的起源
103.A saturated map of common genetic variants associated with human height
与人高度相关的常见遗传变异的饱和图
104.Programmable RNA sensing for cell monitoring and manipulation
可编程的RNA感应用于细胞监测和操作
105.Gut–brain circuits for fat preference
脂肪偏好的肠脑回路
106.Borgs are giant genetic elements with potential to expand metabolic capacity
Borgs是巨大的遗传元素，具有扩大代谢能力的潜力
107.A RORγt+ cell instructs gut microbiota-specific Treg cell differentiation
RORγt+细胞指示肠道微生物群特异性Treg细胞分化
108.ILC3s select microbiota-specific regulatory T cells to establish tolerance in the gut
ILC3s选择微生物群特异性的调节性T细胞以在肠道中建立耐受性
109.Novel antigen-presenting cell imparts Treg-dependent tolerance to gut microbiota
新型抗原呈递细胞赋予肠道菌群的Treg依赖性耐受性
110.Clathrin-associated AP-1 controls termination of STING signalling
网格蛋白相关的AP-1控制STING信号的终止
111.HRG-9 homologues regulate haem trafficking from haem-enriched compartments
HRG-9 同系物调节来自富含血红素的隔室的血红素运输
112.The E3 ligase adapter cereblon targets the C-terminal cyclic imide degron
E3连接酶适配器乙肝细胞受体以C端环酰亚胺降解子为靶点
113.Activation of γ-globin expression by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α
缺氧诱导因子1α激活γ-珠蛋白表达
114.Structures of α-synuclein filaments from human brains with Lewy pathology
来自人类大脑的α-突触核蛋白丝的结构
115.Structures of the TMC-1 complex illuminate mechanosensory transduction
TMC-1复合物的结构阐明了机械感觉转导
