{"ops":[{"insert":"推荐书目：\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#ff6699"},"insert":"宋代•李诫《营造法式》"},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#2ac864"},"insert":"清代 "},{"insert":"工部 出品"},{"attributes":{"color":"#2ac864"},"insert":"《营造则例》"},{"insert":"\n（本文主要来源：河南文建院 赵刚老师）\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#f85a54"},"insert":"演变简述"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#4fd3d1","bold":true},"insert":"一.原始社会建筑"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"\n1."},{"attributes":{"color":"#ff6699"},"insert":"穴居阶段"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"例："},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"荥阳织机洞遗址"},{"insert":"\n（年代跨度长，距今5000年到30万年）\n主要集中在旧石器时代中到晚期，具有大石器向小石片石器过渡的鲜明特征\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/912c11c0615eb60b482fce4678d6c5491c598cf6.jpg","width":846,"height":504,"size":328427,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n2."},{"attributes":{"color":"#ffb027"},"insert":"半穴居阶段"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"例1："},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"汤泉沟遗址"},{"insert":"\n\n例2："},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"孙旗屯遗址"},{"insert":"\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/a1e6d1c496164c84182fbdd9bf1701de1fdebe74.jpg","width":1101,"height":690,"size":334026,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n3."},{"attributes":{"color":"#00aeec"},"insert":"地面阶段"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"例1："},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"半坡仰韶文化遗址"},{"insert":"\n\n例2："},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"河姆渡仰韶文化遗址"},{"insert":"\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/b0bca65cae418b5fb26454e972b12aed9ed62085.jpg","width":1094,"height":658,"size":374005,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#f85a54"},"insert":"二.奴隶社会建筑"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"例1：河南偃师二里头一号殿遗址\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/c84d1ffc7f404b19c539688de8b0375fa9775164.jpg","width":934,"height":624,"size":330736,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n例2：陕西岐山凤雏遗址\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/fe6a112d45782d7a650ef0521e6358d69890637f.jpg","width":1009,"height":658,"size":448789,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#2ac864"},"insert":"三.封建社会建筑"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#ffb027"},"insert":"1.秦"},{"insert":"\n例：秦都咸阳 第一号殿\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/e5a910423bd5b7a9b7d9f97c7c3e2dee965a519f.jpg","width":1087,"height":639,"size":362812,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#f85a54"},"insert":"2.汉"},{"insert":"\n木结构到汉代日趋完善，主要有抬梁式（包含叠梁式）和穿斗式两种\n抬梁式主要在北方，多见于寺庙、厅堂\n穿斗式多见于（南方）民居\n\n例：汉武帝 茂陵\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/9938c5883788283ddce7e4ce126e39d7c030af08.jpg","width":1034,"height":461,"size":210688,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"汉代斗拱"},{"insert":"\n实拍拱\n一斗二升斗拱\n一斗三升斗拱\n多层斗拱\n曲臂斗拱\n八角柱、栌斗\n\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"汉代石阙"},{"insert":"\n分为宫阙、城阙、（王侯）墓阙、庙阙。\n（宫阙和城阙基本被严重破坏）\n\n*第一批文物划分没有现在细致，当时划到古建筑类，现在更可能算作石碑、雕刻\n\n例：登封 汉 三石阙（太室阙、少室阙、启母阙）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/f823f93db9c2014d27b45a848bfc9bfba9aec21e.jpg","width":1091,"height":675,"size":391437,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#ff6699","bold":true},"insert":"3.隋唐、五代"},{"insert":"\n山西现存唐代的两座范例\n\n例1：南禅寺大殿\n\n例2：佛光寺大殿\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/6722df3577841272439ef30eeded24fafbc7ee44.jpg","width":1092,"height":765,"size":461776,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#4fd3d1"},"insert":"4.宋金元时期"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"出檐更加深远；\n斗拱数量更多更复杂；\n柱子比汉代更小、精细\n\n例1：初祖庵大殿\n\n例2：风穴寺中佛殿\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/e9ba03f2bb006206318b28a5f25bd3726610eb87.jpg","width":1103,"height":706,"size":409593,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#2ac864"},"insert":"5.明清"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"屋顶从平缓到高耸；\n斗孔变小；\n柱子退步\n\n例1：故宫（始于 明 永乐四年）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/30bb6a126b52198a27a811d9502fa768113a2f65.jpg","width":912,"height":708,"size":435628,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n例2：天坛\n\n例3：四合院（民间）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/cbd706272154501d08af4e573d22b2e26a30213e.jpg","width":1039,"height":561,"size":372041,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n例4：颐和园\n\n例5：拙政园（民间）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/8bf262aaf42c0fd465d14d3d76ee60166256ecab.jpg","width":1054,"height":532,"size":393822,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#f85a54"},"insert":"基本特征"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#ff6699"},"insert":"一.布局"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"1.天人合一，融于自然\n2.以"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"院落"},{"insert":"为单元，向"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"纵深"},{"insert":"方向梯次推进\n3."},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"主次"},{"insert":"分明，"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"等级"},{"insert":"森严\n\n例1：中岳庙\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/9c5c97b971ee2c0bc20821be62598cce3218bc8f.jpg","width":1587,"height":1080,"size":1220425,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n例2：故宫\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/30bb6a126b52198a27a811d9502fa768113a2f65.jpg","width":912,"height":708,"size":435628,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n例3：瞿昙寺\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/81b7c1cdcaba9c189a9323fd37067d02ae0e3682.jpg","width":1023,"height":720,"size":569607,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#4fd3d1"},"insert":"二.屋顶形式"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"硬山，悬山，歇山，庑殿 组合成 \n重檐式，楼阁式，单坡，平顶，盔顶，扇形 等\n\n1.硬山\n屋顶没有突出，雨水会浇坏土坯墙壁（那时候墙壁没有砖）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/282416c84a6b357dd13492e9e91d09e4b0de1625.jpg","width":984,"height":680,"size":398669,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n2.悬山\n屋顶突出，保护土坯墙壁\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/594ec671cd07bc008471f95e8636060a154a9b48.jpg","width":1044,"height":725,"size":351373,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n3.歇山\n上面像悬山，下面像庑殿\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/dab510b1f009012c3fcaff8de3a5971f19675c86.jpg","width":962,"height":693,"size":448599,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n4.庑殿\n四坡顶\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/bf09ca62626e1436288bc8f2c79f3d7e46303cfe.jpg","width":1004,"height":748,"size":392496,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n5.攒尖\n四坡收到四尖\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/b941adf46cb08524a04fd964c899fdd2c86aa910.jpg","width":892,"height":708,"size":331201,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#ffb027"},"insert":"三.木架构"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"抬梁式（整体承重）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/720c21620b91a3a515fdf82145ed8332c61677ff.jpg","width":717,"height":570,"size":195265,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/ec1130fb4021543b7b30489fb0a3a44e73711b7d.jpg","width":1080,"height":1619,"size":682860,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n穿斗式（主要靠柱承重）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/ddd46973fd36d40cc5914881221773f6458ef7f6.jpg","width":855,"height":557,"size":217638,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/124c38139ee54aa876062acf4081cb8d0f4e5d96.jpg","width":1080,"height":1619,"size":834359,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n干栏式（多见于云贵地区，潮气重，较穿斗抬高半层）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/6f884dec4559ddc0831c552f6ed2c0207c62558d.jpg","width":1040,"height":628,"size":398695,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n*井干式（木头堆砌而成）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/038d5a05f1604e23498a5c54c8e743b4df7247cd.jpg","width":1101,"height":664,"size":356684,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/4fc1ef0ae7263f7c7ed2bddf9d8484f2f9759429.jpg","width":1080,"height":1619,"size":1005834,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#2ac864"},"insert":"各部构造"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"\n上分（屋面结构）\n中分（柱、墙，梁架，斗拱层）\n下分（台基）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/1ee9adfd368f60a7a216a124d545e574821d0886.jpg","width":1080,"height":1619,"size":864062,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/3b4e4749cda04fca17203f534e9910a43d361fce.jpg","width":1080,"height":1619,"size":917441,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#4fd3d1"},"insert":"一.台基"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"作用："},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"避湿脾；明尊卑"},{"insert":"\n构成："},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"陡板"},{"insert":"（立面），"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"阶条"},{"insert":"（平面），"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"散水"},{"insert":"（下方的边缘），"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"踏道"},{"insert":"（又叫踏步）加上内部的"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"拦土、夯土"},{"insert":"组成\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/48ca81fcf86dcc82e6273daadd7f1efd6a59a046.jpg","width":836,"height":517,"size":296651,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/648411a00be4850317780595003325145f2ab809.jpg","width":1080,"height":1619,"size":1039841,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/26a970f600706c0f7d41c678e2f3478345b20c26.jpg","width":1080,"height":1619,"size":1086495,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n踏道：早期分东西两陛，侧面切出象眼，台基上面四角置角兽\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/3dfc3a9838df1e088e38e1ffb01ce7d380dd47d0.jpg","width":843,"height":569,"size":354929,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n分为普通和须弥座以及复合（普通重叠、须弥座重叠）\n（等级逐渐提高）\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/b905f69b5e57a4ef483cb685a93c838334049c4e.jpg","width":592,"height":455,"size":91338,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#00aeec"},"insert":"二.柱、墙"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"柱分为檐柱、老檐柱、金柱、角柱、中柱、山柱等\n四柱围合为一间\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/90dd035ef6cdc07e2f9408988b0814672ac8d8ec.jpg","width":1153,"height":825,"size":397687,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"（三视图）\n\n墙内柱、檐柱为石质，以耐风雨侵蚀\n（宋代）把本来对称的柱子减、（增）、移来腾出更多的使用空间\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/68ca6aea0d1df6bd16c2f58572a0b2c788a414ef.jpg","width":1093,"height":651,"size":380313,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"宋代及以前（早）与明清（晚）的柱子对比"},{"insert":"\n1.柱高与柱径之比逐渐由小变大\n（柱相对更高，柱径相对更小）\n\n2.形状\n早期：柱子平面形状有方形、八角形、棱柱形\n晚期：多圆形\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/900339a56f0e19548ae38ca5498666f385ef4012.jpg","width":1009,"height":679,"size":461752,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n3.柱子上端\n早期：做出卷杀、砍杀处理\n晚期：做出平头处理。且柱子细小，上粗下细，不做加工\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/90735582e2521726b34763528fc2fa4bafaf2151.jpg","width":946,"height":791,"size":413047,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/b76623c15bfccb61f3c7aa532e3dca3fe05fbd71.jpg","width":960,"height":648,"size":393164,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n4.柱子内倾\n早期：柱子"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"内倾明显"},{"insert":"，谓之“"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"柱侧脚"},{"insert":"”\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/a7eee01310633192ff6282e3b682f65b8b289578.jpg","width":1010,"height":650,"size":299121,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/d46d13cbe3e7471c0929350bde5015340c7ee6a0.jpg","width":989,"height":701,"size":250412,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n5.柱子高度\n早期：柱高自中间向两侧渐次升高，谓之“"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"柱升起”"},{"insert":"\n宋代《营造法式》规定三间升两寸，五间升四寸（就是隔柱升两寸的意思）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/e227078594c581fdbf0754428308be5c0da7a995.jpg","width":905,"height":709,"size":448470,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/f822b27853d7c25a922a3a4ba3f2ccfa135cb3f7.jpg","width":991,"height":710,"size":226982,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n*不能简单由单一特点判断年代，比如河南当地直至明清也依然保留、沿用宋制传统。\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#f85a54"},"insert":"柱础"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"立柱前，先放石质柱础（与台基表面平或凹起）\n分为"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"素平式、覆盆式、鼓镜式"},{"insert":"等，于其上雕刻图案\n\n讲究者在柱、础之间置柱（铜/卧纹木质），以避水害\n并在柱子下部做出管脚榫，插入础内以稳定下部\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/adfb104e00b0a719a65dd8a87400b62efae9d7a2.jpg","width":1021,"height":693,"size":498866,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/6ae68c79d2db1f3505b0817016c35639d4b92a33.jpg","width":1080,"height":828,"size":214008,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"额枋、平板枋"},{"insert":"\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/601060c0123c6f00c20c67e9c0241732549b7bda.jpg","width":1094,"height":758,"size":532335,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/536c2489a4c4fc95607d9380e7a236968c1549c7.jpg","width":1099,"height":670,"size":407324,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/fa89b1669375182e3d822c89df5c17412edcf3eb.jpg","width":989,"height":748,"size":495895,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"墙"},{"insert":"\n两边叫山墙，前面叫前檐墙，后面叫后檐墙，内部有隔墙等等\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/ebf4da6302fae0013e6fb58c499955dee7972e38.jpg","width":1072,"height":613,"size":323517,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#f85a54"},"insert":"三.梁架"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"梁\n檩（lin）\n枋(fang)\n椽(chuan)\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/238ae322830c21709d38fa6071d74811c95e3713.jpg","width":1018,"height":729,"size":458300,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/e1d67082d5e8de3806dd05c73b14329154896db7.jpg","width":561,"height":445,"size":115027,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#2ac864"},"insert":"举折"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"屋坡中部向下落，使屋面向下\n檐的椽尾下落、椽首下抬\n1.纳阳：\n2.排水：弧形屋面把雨水抛出更远，保护台基和檐柱\n3.美感\n(檐椽首部可以加钉飞椽)\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/024ab0e4094ebde08613a22fb164a2775e434301.jpg","width":1044,"height":564,"size":401561,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/f2474bb01145d9e75ab9907656f2e1260d4905d5.jpg","width":1013,"height":622,"size":329868,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"宋代（上图）和清代（下图）的举折规定略有不同\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/19e6ff7e5fa47a2c13ca358912bcceeefda47940.jpg","width":950,"height":759,"size":376679,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n\n\n*有翼角结构的建筑，向45度挑出角梁\n分为老（内、大）、子（外、小）、隐（与屋顶搭接）、抹（承托角梁后尾）等\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/a05ad706fb7d5ac06fa2b2c09b7c34486aa4878f.jpg","width":1013,"height":592,"size":342098,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#ff6699"},"insert":"四.斗拱层"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"柱和梁之间加斗拱层（清代叫斗拱，宋代叫"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"铺作，分内、外"},{"insert":"）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/ae23916e63daffe72c5a42213b55f83edd9debc4.jpg","width":755,"height":487,"size":237074,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n拱：主要由阔向的横拱（承重件、垫件）、进纵深向的纵拱（承重件）及斜向拱（装饰作用）交叉而成\n\n斗：拱端/纵横拱交叉位的斗（升）状构件，上开口以握住其上的拱或枋木\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/15524048e57a9ee4dcd3e9842fc8c730a6a95b22.jpg","width":771,"height":503,"size":233344,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"作用："},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"1.抬高屋檐以纳阳"},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"2.明尊卑"},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"3.抗震"},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"4.艺术装饰"},{"insert":"\n\n檐下斗拱常见类型：\n1.补间铺作（檐下，清代叫平身科）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/99c27a6bc480a517a694f4c13f1e3fadb8167405.jpg","width":1047,"height":748,"size":450164,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n2.柱头铺作（柱子上，清代叫柱头科）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/386764f50c8276c4f216a0e9cf0f8e2f948ce72d.jpg","width":1011,"height":723,"size":452144,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/bff7a259063e9c2583c9bd35e68567245728cfe9.jpg","width":1080,"height":1619,"size":873184,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n3.转角铺作（角梁上）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/a2b00ccca8cc2ad538261c64dadbb586a361a883.jpg","width":831,"height":507,"size":269184,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n早期（宋）：拱的断面为材，分为单材（宽：高=2：3）和足材，材分八等，"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"起承重"},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"作用"},{"insert":"\n晚期（清）：平身科座斗宽口为斗口，分为11等，简化的同时失去了其力学上的承重作用\n\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#ffb027"},"insert":"五.屋面结构"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"\n由"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"木基层（望板、望砖）、灰背层（分层）、瓦面、脊饰 "},{"insert":"构成，用以遮风挡雨\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/367c7c2ff8f544b4e0c0e9e72b01a9f912476c6a.jpg","width":1027,"height":483,"size":321175,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n主要类别：\n硬山、悬山、歇山、庑殿\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"重檐"},{"insert":"歇山、庑殿\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"卷棚"},{"insert":"硬山、悬山、歇山（没有正脊）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/a6b2cc7f75dfab1fa7c8dd057c533c88a946832c.jpg","width":1109,"height":829,"size":380878,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#2ac864","bold":true},"insert":"青瓦"},{"insert":"\n（之后出现琉璃瓦、石板瓦、铜铁银等金属瓦）\n分为"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"板瓦和筒瓦"},{"insert":"（半圆形）\n板瓦宽大有缝，起遮雨作用；筒瓦（+脊瓦）遮盖缝隙\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/61c4d000851c4d41b613a9f5e5bcf1855463550f.jpg","width":378,"height":218,"size":17456,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/033d6e450fdab52c34a769738b5bcc1d2bd310a6.jpg","width":436,"height":221,"size":24548,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n由宋至清：\n板瓦渐小，筒瓦也增强了遮雨作用\n（但筒瓦对接构成屋面，其间捉节灰极易开裂渗水，不利于屋面下的木构架梁保护）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/028eb898c8684776cd5fb3e43b9f960281366a85.jpg","width":615,"height":480,"size":228056,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#4fd3d1","bold":true},"insert":"脊"},{"insert":"\n遮盖瓦间缝隙+艺术装饰\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/37eb966a06e52c179775981e97c09f8f9d43ff08.jpg","width":612,"height":483,"size":139887,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n正脊两端设大吻，垂脊下端设垂兽\n戗脊、盆脊背上或前端，设小兽或仙人\n（唐代——螭吻；宋代——鱼龙吻，还没有垂兽、小兽；明清——龙吻，一边小兽上限九只）\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/1221e7dc838923f1a86abd5d730f39fc6a4edeb3.jpg","width":1069,"height":671,"size":373867,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/53126886955e4f571cbe002868155b359a6c7503.jpg","width":988,"height":669,"size":411739,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"（左清，右宋）\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#f85a54"},"insert":"六.装修"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"为分隔空间而设（功能），加以雕饰（艺术）\n分为：门（M）、窗（C）、栏杆、屏、罩\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/094b906a8f450fa8a27c174f689255522a0bd1f5.jpg","width":978,"height":556,"size":305604,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#ff6699","bold":true},"insert":"七.油漆、彩绘"},{"attributes":{"header":1},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"油漆：保护易受风雨侵蚀的构件\n彩绘：装饰、保护构件\n也都有分等级，以明尊卑\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/f7d05df0623ef619d17046434b19a676fd5ac847.jpg","width":821,"height":534,"size":390309,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/f3bc97a960c7c580a1b47243c7a40bf5f6b82c76.jpg","width":983,"height":758,"size":550729,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"彩绘在"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"唐宋"},{"insert":"、"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"明清"},{"insert":"时期特点不同，"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"民间"},{"insert":"也与庙堂有所区别，地方上更有"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"苏式"},{"insert":"这样别具特色的\n\n"}]}
标签：
