《经济学人》双语：成功女性的身材更苗条？（Part 2）
原文标题：
The economics of thinness
THE WEIGHT OF THE WORLD
瘦身经济学
世界的重量
It is economically rational for ambitious women to try as hard as possible to be thin
从经济上讲，成功女性会尽最大努力保持苗条的身材
[Paragraph 11]
The duchess’s decree
公爵夫人的旨意
In other words, rich women are much thinner than poor women but rich men are about as fat as poor men.
换句话说，成功女性要比经济困顿的女性更苗条，但贫富程度与体重的关系并不适用于男性。
Wallis Simpson, whose marriage to King Edward VIII prompted his abdication, is supposed to have said that a woman “can never be too rich or too thin”.
沃利斯·辛普森与爱德华八世的婚姻促使爱德华八世退位，据说她曾说过，女人“永远不会太富有或太苗条”。
Apparently she must be both or neither.
显然，她一定要两者兼得或两者皆弃。
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That should give pause to anyone who thinks that poverty can explain why people are overweight or obese, or that being rich helps people to maintain a lower weight.
这也就影响了人们对贫富与体重之间关系的看法：贫穷是体重超重的元凶，而富有能让人维持苗条的身材。
You must then explain why those dynamics seem only to affect women.
那又为什么这些关联似乎只影响到女性。
Perhaps the relationship would look the same for both sexes, but the occupations they do that require or might result in slimness differ.
也许这些关联性对于男女都一样适应，但职业不同导致对身材的要求标准不同。
Men disproportionately do lower-paid physically active jobs, like construction (although nurses spend as much time walking or standing as builders, and are disproportionately women).
从事低薪体力劳动（比如建筑行业）的男性占比更高。虽然护士花在走路或站立上的时间和建筑工人一样多，但护士大部分都是女性。
Some rich women, such as actresses, might be explicitly required to be thin to play certain roles.
一些成功女性，比如女演员，可能会被明确要求身材苗条才能出演某些角色。
[Paragraph 13]
Still, it is hard to believe that either dynamic explains the entire difference.
但无论是哪种原因都不足以解释这种差异。
Data from the American Bureau of Labour Statistics (BLS) suggest that just 3.5% of civilian workers do intensely physical jobs (and some of those categories, like exercise instruction and dancing, employ plenty of women).
美国劳工统计局的数据显示，只有3.5%的人口从事高强度的体力劳动（而这些体力劳动中，如运动指导和舞蹈，雇员多为女性）。
Only 0.1% of workers do jobs such as acting.
但只有0.1%的工人从事表演等工作。
That there is a gender gap in the relationship between income and weight, which cannot easily be explained by other differences between men and women, indicates another explanation: perhaps being thin helps women become rich.
收入和体重之间的关系存在性别差距，这是男女之间的其他差异解释不了的。于是有了另一种说法：也许身材苗条有助于女性变富。
[Paragraph 14]
Myriad studies which find that overweight or obese women are paid less than their thinner peers while there is little difference in wages between obese men and men in the medically defined “normal” range.
大量研究发现，体重超重或肥胖的女性收入低于更瘦的同龄女性；而肥胖男性和正常体重的男性之间收入差距很小。
There are exceptions: one Swedish study found that obese men were paid less, but obese women were not.
也有例外：瑞典的一项研究发现，体重超重的男性的工资较低，但体重超重的女性则不然。
But research in America, Britain, Canada and Denmark suggests that overweight women do have lower salaries.
但美国、英国、加拿大和丹麦的研究表明，超重女性的工资确实更低。
The penalty for an obese woman is significant, costing her about 10% of her income.
超重女性受到的很大不利影响，体现在她们比正常女性的收入少10%。
[Paragraph 15]
The stigma against overweight people has grown with their number
随着超重的人越来越多，以胖为耻的现象也越来越普遍
This might understate reality because it is hard to measure the wage gap for someone who was not offered employment because of their size.
这可能低估了现实情况，因为很难衡量那些因为体型原因而没有工作的人的工资差距（失业者没有工资数据）。
The upper estimates of the wage premium for a women being thin are so significant that she might find it almost as valuable to lose weight as she would to gain additional education.
据估计，体型纤细女性的工资溢价非常显著。这样也容易使她们认为维持体重和受高等教育一样重要。
The wage premium for getting a master’s degree is around 18%, only 1.8 times the premium a fat women could, in theory, earn by losing around 65lbs—roughly the amount that a moderately obese women of average height would have to lose to be in the medically defined “normal” range.
硕士学位的工资溢价约为18%，理论上，这也仅是一个体重超标女性减掉65磅后工资溢价的1.8倍。中等身高的中等肥胖女性减掉65磅就可以达到医学定义的“正常”范围的体重。
The penalty appears to be particularly significant for white women—evidence for black or Hispanic women is weaker (though could be explained in part the fact that studies often use BMI which can misclassify these women).
这种不利影响对白人女性中十分明显--对黑人女性和西班牙裔女性影响相对较弱（也可能因为研究白人女性经常使用身体质量指数，而身体质量指数可能错误地区分了这些女性）。
[Paragraph 16]
Discrimination against fat women has not diminished as their numbers have risen.
超重女性虽不断普遍化，但她们受到的歧视并未减少。
“We might expect a declining penalty due to the increase in the percentage of overweight individuals,” wrote David Lempert, an economist, in a working paper for the BLS, because it has become more normal to be overweight.
经济学家大卫·伦伯特在劳工统计局的一份工作论文中写道：“随着超重人口比例的增加，我们预计体重对女性的影响将会减少，因为超重日趋正常化”。
Instead the stigma against overweight people has grown with their number; it almost doubled between 1980 and 2000.
相反，随着超重的人越来越多，以胖为耻的现象也越来越普遍；这种现象在1980年和2000年之间几乎翻了一番。
He suggests this may be because “the increasing rarity of thinness has led to its rising premium.”
他认为这可能是因 "身材纤细者日益稀缺，其溢价上升"。
[Paragraph 17]
The conclusion of the paper layers one infuriating sentence on top of another.
该论文的结论一个句子接一个句子令人愤怒。
As larger women age, he writes, they incur the effects of years of cumulative wage discrimination.
他写道，随着女性年龄的增长，超重女性会受到多年累积工资歧视的影响。
Controlling for other factors, their starting wages are lower.
即使在不受其他因素的影响下，她们的起起薪更低。
Throughout their working careers, these women receive fewer raises and promotions.
在整个工作生涯中，超重女性得到的加薪和晋升也更少。
His paper shows “that an obese 43-year-old woman received a larger wage penalty in 2004 than she received at 20 in 1981,” and also that “an obese 20-year-old woman receives a larger wage penalty today than she would have in 1981 at age 20.”
论文显示，"一位43岁的超重女性在2004年的工资，受体重的不利影响比她在1981年20岁时都大，"同时，"一位20岁的超重女性当今的工资，受体重的不利影响比她在1981年20岁时更大。"
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This might reflect, in part, the higher costs that obese employees might impose on their employers, especially in America.
这可能也是因为超重雇员的用工成本更高，美国尤是如此。
Health-insurance premiums in America are often paid by employers, and very overweight or obese people tend to incur higher costs, partly because they suffer more health problems as they age.
美国的健康保险费通常由雇主支付，而超重者的保费更高。部分是因为随着年龄的增长，他们可能出现的健康问题更多。
Still, it is unclear why these costs would be passed on only to women.
但目前这些费用只转嫁给女性的原因尚不明确。
And studies in Canada and Europe (where government-funded health care is the norm) find similar sized wage penalties for women.
加拿大和欧洲（他们的医疗保健由政府出资）的研究发现，女性受到的工资不利影响程度相似。
[Paragraph 19]
Meanwhile, the idea that the penalty for being obese might be rising, not falling, is backed up by the data from the “implicit bias” test run by Harvard University.
与此同时，哈佛大学进行的 "隐性偏见 "测试的数据也证实了这一观点：超重者受到的不利影响正在加大而不是下降。
It asks test-takers to associate people of different races, sex, sexual orientation or weight with words like good or bad.
测试要求测试者将不同种族、性别、性取向或体重的人与好或坏这样的词联系起来。
And in general the findings are trending in a positive direction—discrimination on the basis of race and sex has fallen over the last decade.Negative associations of gay people have fallen by a third.
总的来说，测试结果正朝着积极的方向发展：基于种族和性别的歧视在过去十年中有所下降；人们对同性恋的负面联想也下降了三分之一。
Weight is the exception—attitudes towards heavy individuals have become substantially more negative.
但体重是个例外--人们对胖人的态度变得更加负面。
[Paragraph 20]
In this context the arguments often made for why women and girls feel such pressure to be thin and suffer from low self-esteem when they are not appear woefully incomplete.
为什么女性会有身材压力，为什么她们不完美时会出现低自尊？人们经常会就这个话题进行争论。
Perhaps women do feel bad about themselves because they compare themselves to the gazelles that populate the covers of magazines and are duped into thinking those photos are unedited and attainable.
可能是因为女性常将自己与杂志封面上的模特作比较，以为杂志照片未被修过，自己能够实现。这也导致女性自我感觉很糟糕。
Maybe their parents or a doctor commented on their weight when they were young.
也许是因为她们年轻时曾受过父母或医生体重相关的评价。
But in addition to those pressures is the powerful incentive of the market: women accurately perceive that failing to lose weight or be thin will literally cost them.
但是，除了这些压力之外，还有市场的强大激励作用：女性准确地认识到，如果不能保持身材身材，她们将会损失惨重。
（恭喜读完，本篇英语词汇量954/2755左右）
原文出自：2022年12月24日《The Economist》Christmas specials版块。
精读笔记来源于：自由英语之路
本文翻译整理: Maree本文编辑校对: Irene
仅供个人英语学习交流使用。
【补充资料】（来自于网络）
华里丝·辛普森Wallis Simpson（1896年6月19日—1986年4月24日），本名Bessie Wallis Warfield，生于美国，温莎公爵夫人。两度结婚，辛普森为前夫的姓，前夫为恩尼斯特·辛普森。后与英国国王爱德华八世交往，起初是爱德华八世的情妇，后因爱德华八世欲娶她为妻，此举违反英国王位与英国国教继承规定，爱德华遂退位，将王位禅让予其弟乔治六世。后改称温莎公爵，华里丝也获得“温莎公爵夫人”的头衔。
爱德华八世King Edward VIII（1894年6月23日—1972年5月28日），自1936年1月20日其父乔治五世去世到1936年12月11日退位，为英国和英联邦各自治领国王，印度皇帝，共在位326天。温莎王朝的第二位国王。在爱德华八世作为国王的数月之中，他的婚姻问题引发英国的宪政危机——政府、自治领政府、人民和教会均反对他迎娶辛普森夫人。爱德华八世选择退位，成为英国和英联邦历史上唯一自愿退位的国王。后世在提及“不爱江山爱美人”这一句时，往往会联想到温莎公爵的爱情故事。
珍妮弗在《偏见》书中写道：“隐性偏见，是我们大脑结构和社会差异的产物。”比如，我们会指着网上的犯罪嫌疑人照片说，他长得那么凶，一看就是杀人犯。长相与杀人行为，有必然的联系吗？那一刻，偏见就隐藏在我们大脑的某处，我们不仅不知错，还理直气壮地认为错即是对。偏见是什么呢？偏见就是“刻板印象”。这个概念在柏拉图时代就有，没想到，到了21世纪依然流行。刻板印象从哪里来？刻板印象来自于父母的家庭教育，还有周围环境的影响，即是“偏见传播现象”。
【重点句子】（3 个）
In other words, rich women are much thinner than poor women but rich men are about as fat as poor men.
换句话说，成功女性要比经济困顿的女性更苗条，但贫富程度与体重的关系并不适用于男性。
The stigma against overweight people has grown with their number
随着超重的人越来越多，以胖为耻的现象也越来越普遍
But in addition to those pressures is the powerful incentive of the market: women accurately perceive that failing to lose weight or be thin will literally cost them.
但是，除了这些压力之外，还有市场的强大激励作用：女性准确地认识到，如果不能保持身材，她们将会损失惨重。
