K400V2S10S2Q1-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.  

Arts/history

colonial Mexico / inflate prices 

墨西哥商人哄抬物价

①According to the traditional view of commerce in colonial Mexico, the substantial merchants of Mexico City, acting in concert with Spanish exporters, colluded to inflate prices. ②Price fixing would have required a significant degree of collaboration, since no single merchant came close to enjoying monopoly power. ③According to Hoberman, the number of wholesale merchants in Mexico varied from  252 in 1598 to 177 in 1689 to around 200 in the late eighteenth century. ④Hoberman's figures may be conservative, however. ⑤As Kicza notes many prominent merchants did not use the formal titles— mercader or almacenero—that Hoberman looked for in compiling her data. ⑥Yet even if we accept Hoberman’s numbers, that still leaves far too many to have successfully cooperated to fix prices. 

根据墨西哥殖民时期的传统商业观，墨西哥城的大量商人与西班牙出口商合作，合谋抬高价格。 定价需要很大程度的合作，因为没有一个商人能接近享有垄断权力。 根据霍伯曼的说法，墨西哥批发商的数量从 1598 年的 252 家到 1689 年的 177 家，再到 18 世纪后期的 200 家左右。 然而，霍伯曼的数据可能是保守的。 正如 Kicza 所指出的，许多著名的商人并没有使用 Hoberman 在编译她的数据时寻找的正式头衔——mercader 或 almacenero。 然而，即使我们接受霍伯曼估测的数字，这些商人的数量仍旧太多了，不可能达成固定价格。

1. In the context of the overall argument, the highlighted sentence primarily functions to 

功能题 目的题 难

这句话在解释为什么H的数据保守。

A

A. imply that evidence against the view the author opposes could be understated 暗示反对作者所反对的观点的证据可能被低估。都不是人话。但竟然是对的

B. provide evidence to support a point that is made in the subsequent sentence 往前不是往后

C. suggest that evidence that might appear relevant is invalidated by a hidden bias 没有bias的证据

D. indicate the need for further evidence to support the author’s position 没有证据

E. point a weakness in evidence that has been used against the author’s position 没有质疑作者观点

2. Hoberman’s data are important to the author’s argument primarily because they 

细节题 中

D

A. show the dangers of generalizing about colonial commerce in Mexico 没有dangers的证据

B. highlight the wide variation in the number of merchants in Mexico during the colonial period  无关，另外这数据也算不上wide variation

C. provide the basis for a view about colonial commerce in Mexico that the author disputes 相反，并不能提供basis

D. call into question a basic assumption of the established view of colonial commerce in Mexico 符合，怼的就是你

E. point to the highly competitive nature of colonial commerce in Mexico 没有competitive的证据

生词摘录：

collude 勾结，串通

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage:

重复

Arts

Anthony Van Dyck / portraits / dress

范戴克并不是通过服饰来传递悲伤

①When Flemish painter Anthony Van Dyck moved to England in 1632 to become court painter to Charles I, he introduced an entirely new way of representing dress in portraiture. ②In women’s portraits, he enhanced sleeves and collars, and added lavish drapery and jewels. ③For the first time, an artist actively participated in dressing his subjects, creating an amalgam of fantasy and reality. ④While Van Dyck was most innovative when representing women, he used similar elements in portraits of men.

①Van Dyck’s Portrait of Thomas Killigrew and William, Lord Crofts (1638) demonstrates how the artist relaxed and unbuttoned men’s dress to accord with an underlying theme. ②The double portrait may be seen as an essay in grief: Killigrew, a poet and playwright, had lost his wife Cecelia to the plague shortly before the sitting; Crofts was her nephew. ③The painting contains clear references to the situation at hand. ④The background features a broken column, a traditional emblem of earthly transience. ⑤A drawing in Killigrew’s right hand depicts two funerary monuments. ⑥Crofts holds a blank sheet of paper, seen by some scholars as an analog to the drawing Killigrew holds: a symbol of what is gone.

①Art historians have interpreted the clothing depicted in this portrait, particularly Crofts’ doublet, which is worn unbuttoned in back, as an allusion to the subjects’ grief-stricken distraction. ②It is true that Killigrew’s dress includes references to his loss—he wears a cross inscribed with his wife’s initials. ③There is an intuitive nature to this painting, which seems underscored by the loose clothing worn by both subjects. ④However, this reading of the costumes as a sign of grief does not take into account the seventeenth-century fashion conventions. ⑤Only Killigrew appears in noticeably disheveled attire; Crofts’ dress would be quite appropriate for a formal portrait. ⑥Though black clothing, such as that worn by Crofts, was common for mourning, it was also ordinary on other occasions. ⑦Furthermore, during the first stage of mourning, no shiny surfaces, such as Crofts’ satin doublet, would be permitted. ⑧The unbuttoned slit on Crofts’ doublet was probably a matter of style: a French courtier in a 1635 fashion print by Bosse, who is gallivanting rather than grieving, wears a similarly undone doublet. ⑨Evidence suggests that by the late 1630s, a certain calculated looseness was conventional in men’s formal dress. ⑩Ribeiro, for example, cites the writings of moralists objecting to this style.

①Killigrew’s attire, though even looser than Crofts’, should not necessarily be associated with grief. ②Other seventeenth-century subjects depicted in melancholic states do not dress this way. ③Although Killigrew’s “undress” lends this portrait a distinctive intimacy, it might also refer to Killigrew’s literary career. ④Many of Van Dyck’s other subjects who engaged in literary pursuits are depicted in loose clothing. ⑤The blank sheet held by Crofts may be a reminder not only of Killigrew’s loss but also of his solace: he had but to express his grief in writing.

当佛兰德画家安东尼范戴克于 1632 年移居英国成为查理一世的宫廷画家时，他引入了一种全新的方式来表现肖像画中的服装。 在女性肖像中，他改进了袖子和衣领，并添加了丰富的褶皱和珠宝。 第一次，一位艺术家关注到了肖像画里的服饰，创造了幻想与现实的融合。 虽然范戴克在描绘女性时最具创新性，但他在男性肖像中使用了类似的元素。

Van Dyck 的 Thomas Killigrew 和 William Lord Crofts 的肖像（1638 年）展示了艺术家如何解放男装的桎梏以符合潜在的主题。 这幅双重肖像可以看作是一篇悲伤的表达：诗人和剧作家基利格鲁在这幅画作之前不久失去了他的妻子塞西莉亚（Cecelia）； 克罗夫茨是她的侄子。 这幅画清楚了反映了当时的情况。 画面背景是一根破碎的柱子，这是尘世短暂的传统象征。 基利格鲁右手的一幅画描绘了两座墓碑。 克罗夫茨拿着一张白纸。一些学者将这张白纸视为基利格鲁所持有的画作的类似物：象征着已逝。

艺术史学家将这幅肖像中描绘的服装，特别是克罗夫茨的紧身衣背部解开的扣子，解读为人物因悲伤而分心的暗示。的确，Killigrew 的穿着中暗示了他的遭遇——他戴着一个刻有他妻子姓名首字母的十字架。这幅画有一种直观的性质，这似乎被两个人物所穿的宽松衣服所强调。然而，这种将服装解读为悲伤标志的做法并没有考虑到 17 世纪的时尚习俗。只有基利格鲁穿着明显凌乱的服装出现；克罗夫茨的礼服非常适合正式肖像。虽然像克罗夫茨这样的黑色衣服在哀悼时很常见，但在其他场合也很普通。此外，在哀悼伊始，闪亮的服饰是不合适的，例如克罗夫茨的缎面紧身衣。 Crofts 紧身衣上未系扣的开衩可能与风格有关：一位身着 Bosse 1635 年时尚印花的法国朝臣穿着一件同样未解开的紧身衣，他是在巡游，而不是悲伤。有证据表明，到 1630 年代后期，男士正装中通常会出现一定的宽松度。例如，里贝罗在文章中提及了道德家们对这种穿衣风格的反对。

基利格鲁的着装虽然比克罗夫茨的还要宽松，但不一定与悲伤有关。其他17 世纪在绘画中忧郁的人物并不这样穿。虽然基利格鲁的“宽松衣服”为这幅肖像画带来了独特的情感，但它也可能指基利格鲁的作家身份。 范戴克笔下许多其他从事文学追求的人物都穿着宽松的衣服。 克罗夫茨拿着的白纸可能不仅提醒了基利格鲁的逝去，也提醒了他的慰藉：他不得不以书面形式表达他的悲痛。

3. The author of the passage suggests that if the cited “art historians” had taken account of seventeenth-century fashion, they would have been more likely to 

细节题 推断题 中

根据第二段，因为17世纪的时尚习俗表明，黑色服饰并不一定表达哀悼。

C

A. recognize that the clothing worn by the subjects in the Portrait contributes to an atmosphere of intimacy in the painting 无关

B. recognize the event to which Van Dyck’s approach to portraiture represented a departure from the practices of other artists 没有other artists的证据

C. recognize that Crofts’ manner of dress in the Portrait was appropriate for a formal portrait 符合however前后的对比

D. conclude that the doublet worn by Crofts in the Portrait is not made of satin 没有证据

E. be able to distinguish between the significance of the unbuttoned doublet depicted in the Portrait and that of the one depicted in a fashion print by Bosse 无关/没有证据

4. The author of the passage suggests which of the following about Killigrew’s disheveled attire in the Portrait of Thomas Killigrew and William, Lord Crofts ? 

细节题 推断题 易

B

A. It resembles clothing worn by subjects in melancholic states in other paintings in the period. 与最后一段第二句相反

B. It resembles the clothing worn by subjects in other Van Dyck paintings who were associated with literature. 符合最后一段第三句

C. It includes shiny materials that were not considered appropriate for the first stage of mourning. 穿错人了

D. It reflects the distraction and inattentiveness to dress typical of a person in a state of mourning. 相反。这不是作者观点

E. It has been regarded by art historians as evidence that Van Dyck chose the clothing worn by the subjects in the painting. 没有证据

5. The author’s reference to the “cross” worn by Killigrew serves primarily as 

功能题 目的题 易

十字架是作为证据表明艺术史学家关于悲伤的解读是对的。

A

A. a concession of partial agreement with a point made by other art historians about the Portrait 符合

B. evidence supporting the author’s main point about the significance of Killigrew’s state of dress in the Portrait 相反。

C. an example of the kind of detail overlooked by other art historians who have commented on the Portrait 没有overlooked证据

D. an example of the type of adornment that was rarely seen in portraiture before Van Dyck 没有rarely的证据

E. an illustration of the way in which Van Dyck used emblematic as well as realistic elements in this portraits 没有证据

6. Which of the following best describes the function of the last sentence of the passage?

功能题 目的题 易

最后一句顺承该段作者观点，提供补充证据。

C

A. It suggests that a certain detail of the painting should not be understood as emblematic. 相反。作者相反认为可能是具有象征意义的。只是跟艺术史学家认为的不一样。

B. It calls attention to a detail of the painting that art historians have generally overlooked. 没有overlook，只是解读不一样

C. It offers support for the author’s interpretation of the significance of Killigrew’s clothing. 符合

D. It introduces evidence to support the author’s view of the appropriateness of Crofts’ manner of dress. 对象错了

E. It casts doubt on the way that art historians have interpreted the relationship between the two subjects in the painting. 与relationship无关

背景拓展：

Question 7 is based on this passage: 

Sciences/biology

streambeds / ultravillet radiation / algae

紫外线照射河床导致藻类先减后增

When streambeds are experimentally exposed to high-intensity ultraviolet radiation, the amount of algae in those streambeds at first declines but after about three weeks increases to well beyond original levels. Some scientists hypothesize that the increase occurs because exposure to high-intensity ultraviolet radiation, which is somewhat harmful to algae, makes the stream-dwelling insects that feed on the algae unable to reproduce. 

当河床实验性地暴露在高强度紫外线辐射下时，这些河床中的藻类数量起初会下降，但大约三周后会增加到远远超过原来的水平。 一些科学家假设这种增加的发生是因为暴露于对藻类有害的高强度紫外线辐射，使得以藻类为食的溪流昆虫无法繁殖。

7. Which of the following, if true, could best serve as evidence in favor of the scientists’ hypothesis? 

逻辑单题 逻辑支持 易

加强就是排他因，或找否命题，或者补充新证据。

E

A. Populations of steam-dwelling insects that feed on algae can develop resistance to high-intensity ultraviolet radiation within three weeks. 会削弱

B. It takes about three weeks for a stream that has been depleted of its insect life to become repopulated.  会削弱

C. Stream-dwelling insects that feed on algae will generally turn to other food sources in the absence of algae to feed on. 但最后还是会吃回来的。不能加强

D. Many species of algae that grow in streambeds rely on the nutrients provided by animals that feed on algae-eating insects. 会削弱

E. For stream-dwelling insects that feed on algae, a three-week-long life cycle is typical, whether or not the insects have been exposed to high-intensity ultraviolet radiation. 三周之后这些昆虫也回不来了。补充了新证据，可以加强。

Questions 8 - 10 are based on this passage: 

Arts/archaeology

smelting / metallurgy / kiln

金属冶炼的起源

①Because there is no direct evidence as to how smelting was discovered, its origin has long been a subject of scholarly speculation. ②Smelting requires, among other things, heating a metallic ore to a high temperature, so an obvious conjecture was that it first occurred when someone inadvertently dropped a piece of copper ore into a fire and noticed the results. ③This campfire theory is not very convincing, however, because open wood or charcoal fires rarely exceed a temperature of 700˚C, whereas copper smelting requires reaching 1084˚C, the melting point of copper. ④Furthermore, simply heating malachite  [a mineral containing copper] to 1084˚C will not produce metallic copper; it must be heated for hours in a “reducing atmosphere” (an oxygen-poor, carbon-rich atmosphere), which an open fire does not provide. 

①More persuasive is the pottery kiln theory, which suggests that metallurgy began when potters using malachite to color their pots may have found small bits of smelted copper in their kilns, prompting them to undertake deliberate experiments. ②The latter theory is more plausible for several reasons: first because fires in the closed kilns could reach the requisite temperature; second, because they produced a reducing atmosphere; and third, because copper smelting and high-temperature kilns make their initial appearance in the archaeological record at approximately the same time. ③Both the campfire and pottery-kiln theories, it should be noted, would suggest that the pioneer metallurgists may well have been women.  

由于没有直接证据表明冶炼是如何被发现的，因此其起源长期以来一直是学术推测的主题。 除其他条件外，冶炼需要将金属矿石加热到高温，因此一个明显的猜想是，它首先发生在有人不小心将一块铜矿石掉入火中并发现了改变。 然而，这种营火理论并不是很有说服力，因为露天木头或木炭火很少超过 700˚C 的温度，而铜冶炼需要达到 1084˚C，即铜的熔点。 此外，简单地将孔雀石（一种含铜矿物）加热到 1084˚C 不会产生金属铜； 它必须在明火无法提供的“还原性气体”（贫氧、富含碳的气体环境）中加热数小时。

更有说服力的是陶窑理论，该理论表明，当陶工使用孔雀石为他们的陶罐上色时，冶金学就开始了，他们可能在他们的窑中发现了少量的冶炼铜，促使他们进行了主动实验。 后一种理论更合理有几个原因：首先是因为封闭窑中的火可以达到必要的温度； 其次，因为它们产生了还原环境； 第三，铜冶炼和高温窑在考古记录中的首次出现几乎是同时的。 应该指出，营火理论和陶窑理论都表明，最早的冶金学家很可能是女性。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. 

8. The author makes which of the following points about open wood fires? 

细节题 易

BC

A. They were not widely used at the time smelting originated. 无关/没有证据

B. They do not get hot enough to melt copper. 符合一段3句

C. They do not provide the reducing atmosphere necessary for smelting to occur. 符合一段4句

9. Which of the following is true about the two theories discussed in the passage? 

细节题 中

D

A. Both theories conclude that after its discovery, smelting quickly became widespread. 没有证据

B. Both theories assume that smelting originated with an accidental finding. 干扰项。

C. Both theories receive some support from the archaeological record. 第一个没有

D. One theory argues that smelting originated accidentally, while the other sees it as the result of deliberate experimentation. 符合

E. One theory considers smelting a commercial activity, while the other focuses on its being a form of artistic expression. 没有证据

10. Which of the following, if true, would most clearly serve to weaken the pottery-kiln theory? 

细节题 削弱题 中

找他因或者是否前提

B

A. Archaeologists have been unable to find evidence of copper smelting and evidence of closed kilns in the same archaeological sites. 不需要同一地点，同一时期就行。找不到也可能是能力不足，并不是真的没有。

B. When smelting was first discovered, very few kilns were able to sustain high temperatures for long periods of time. 烧不久，属于他因，可以削弱。

C. When smelting was first discovered, many high-temperature kilns were open rather than closed. 那还是有些封闭的，同时文章也没说open的kiln不能产生还原性气体

D. Remains of malachite-colored pottery are much more abundant than is evidence of closed kilns. 一个炉子里烧很多个，没毛病。

E. Copper ore is generally scarce in areas where archaeologists found evidence of high temperature-kilns.矿多少不重要，有就行

生词摘录：

smelting 熔炼

malachite  /ˈmæləkaɪt/  孔雀石