2023 知识论 2023.03.08 柏拉图的知识论(II)

- Review
- Methodism and Particularism
- Meno's paradox: "complete" ignorance
- 一个日常的回应:我们不是完全的无知:5W1H
- Plato的回应:数学的例子(二倍大的正方形),知识只是被遗忘
- Types of knowledge
- propositional K 命题知识
- Ability K 有关能力知识
- K by acquaintance 亲知
- Knowledge-to 能动性的知识
- taxonomy of K 知识的分类
- 从知识的对象分类:form/sensible object
- 从知识的表现形式 the form of the K expressions
- S knows that P
- propositional K 命题知识
- S knows how to
- 关于能力的知识——骑自行车 行动
- S knows O. 亲知 a particular individual, a mental state
- S knows Trump, S knows the pain
- Knowledge-to 动力知识
- 范围窄/不被公认
- 如:中国哲学 知行合一/良知
- 如:关于正义的知识会导向正义的行为
- Knowledge is the whole point of the exercise
- Plato's unified account 统合性知识
- Propositional K
- The concept analysis:K vs other notions
- K vs truth
- “Know” is a factive verb s知道p,蕴含/承诺了,p为真
- 对 epistemic agent
- achieve more truths
- make less mistake
- 兼具完全性和完备性
- Hierarchy of K 知识的等级制度

- K vs beliefs
- 两者都以proposition为构成要素
- belief 并不承诺某种真
- Belief 和相似概念的讨论:见下面的文献

- K vs justification/reason/evidence
- K is a good/desirable/valuable way to contact reality
- the Metaphysical analysis
- Is K-ing a state of mind? or some other kinds of mental states
- Meno's problem 知识的价值的来源是什么
- The value of K(the question of Larissa)
- Socrates & Meno 知识比正确的信念更有价值在哪?
- 知识为什么比真信念有价值?
- 知识为什么比知识的真子集(知识的要素)有价值?
- 知识有什么性质,比其他(不是知识的)东西有价值?
- Responses to Meno's problem
- Plato‘s response: Form 大于 the world of sense
- Welbourne's response:5w1h
- JTB
- B:Williamson: Belief is not necessary
- T: 信念为真这件事 能捕获 什么东西使得知识为真吗?
Lewis's contextualist theory of knowledge ascriptions
- 困难:lewis的语境主义 和 可错主义的真正区别是什么?
- 语境主义的对 K ascription只是归属句的刻画:Every possibility in which not-p
- 反对意见:
- Soames on contextual supplementation
- "every"这个词在同语境中,也会有不同的指称
- 异常合取 abominable conjunction
- 如果提到了怀疑论,很难“回退”到日常语境,会出现奇怪的合取式

- 语用上的问题
- attention 也能在语境内部进行
- “Only”作为自然语言中转换attention的提示词
- But? Rather than? contrastivism 对比主义的解释

- Skepticism
- lewis 对知识 elusive 的解释,共容易被skepticism攻击