鹦鹉行为与训练丨Behaviour and training of parrots

Behaviour and training of parrots -Winny Weinbeck

原文

https://www.ivis.org/system/files/google_drive/node/64570/field_chpt_content/eyJzdWJkaXIiOiJcL25vZGVcLzY0NTcwXC9maWVsZF9jaHB0X2NvbnRlbnQifQ--cxLSUsJdGpQ0bEeEpKJ_5jxKeDIB7Sem7KywJhGBqrI.pdf

Parrots are social animals that live in family groups, small to large flocks and split up in pairs during the breeding season. Pair fidelity tend to be high for psittacine birds and there is an exclusive pair bond for most parrot species. Most parrot species exhibit social monogamy and bi parental care of young. Divorce only takes place in case of reproductive incompetence of the pair members. Exclusive pair bonds are not accurate for all species and there are a few exceptions.

鹦鹉（Parrots）是群居动物，生活在家庭群体中，群体大小不一，在繁殖季节成对分开。鹦鹉的配偶忠诚度往往很高，大多数鹦鹉都有一种独特的配偶关系。大多数鹦鹉种类表现出社会一夫一妻制和双亲代照顾幼崽。离婚只有在夫妻双方生育能力不足的情况下才会发生。排他性的配对关系并不适用于所有物种，但也有一些例外。

Compared to raptors, owls and pigeons parrots exhibit a relatively extended nestling period. Many parrots are successfully bred under captive conditions that are found to have severe welfare problems.

与猛禽（raptors）相比，猫头鹰（owls）和鸽子鹦鹉（pigeons parrots）的雏鸟期相对较长。许多鹦鹉在圈养条件下成功繁殖，但发现它们有严重的福利问题。

Flock formation is important for protection against predators, finding partners, defending territory, efficiency in foraging (unstable food resources) and they benefit of the collective knowledge of the group. Big flocks split up in small foraging groups (exclude competitors).

鸟群的形成对于抵御捕食者、寻找伴侣、保卫领土、提高觅食效率(食物资源不稳定)很重要，而且它们会从群体的集体知识中受益。大的鸟群可分成小的觅食群(不包括竞争者)。

Flocks have a complex social organisation. Reliable indicators of dominance status have not been determined for most psittacine species. The flock is very important for social interactions like allopreening, allofeeding, maintenance of close proximity, pair bonding and reproductive behaviours.

鸟群有一个复杂的社会组织。大多数鹦鹉种类的优势地位的可靠指标尚未确定。群体对于社会互动非常重要，比如异体羽理、异体喂养、保持亲密关系、配对结合和生殖行为。

Foraging and grooming take up the greatest portions of their waking day and are major behavioural activities for parrots. Grooming behaviours are: scratching with feet, cleaning feet and legs with beak, stretching, yawning, beak rubbing and grinding.

觅食和梳理占据了鹦鹉醒着的大部分时间，也是它们的主要行为活动。梳理行为有：用脚抓挠，用嘴清洁脚和腿，伸展，打哈欠，用嘴摩擦和磨。

Sleep and rest occupy the major part of a 24 hour day. A parrot flock usually sleeps and rests as a group.

睡眠和休息占据了一天24小时的主要部分。鹦鹉群通常是一个群体睡觉和休息。

Pet parrots require a dark sleeping area, separate from their daytime living area (like a small sleep cage) and close to 12 hours of night time to sleep. Learning is largely determined by external environmental influences and laws of learning are general in nature, transcending species and situations. 

宠物鹦鹉需要一个黑暗的睡眠区，与它们白天的生活区分开(就像一个小的睡眠笼)，晚上睡觉的时间接近12小时。自然情况下学习在很大程度上取决于外部环境的影响，并且普遍，不管是何种种类或者情形。

People make poor choices and do not research beforehand to learn what is involved in caring for parrots. They do not know their needs and they do not know how to handle them. Owners get frustrated, the relationship is not what they expected and they just want to get rid of the bird. Parrots have become one of the most surrendered pets. Because most shelters do not take them, they wind up in sanctuaries. Behaviour problems including biting, noise, aggression and feather picking are the most important reasons for relinquishment.

人们很多时候做出了糟糕的选择，并且也没有事先研究了解护理鹦鹉所涉及的内容。他们不知道鹦鹉的需求，也不知道如何处理。主人们一般会很沮丧，一旦这种关系不是他们所期望的，他们只想摆脱掉这只鸟。鹦鹉已经成为最容易被驯服的宠物之一。因为大多数庇护所不接纳它们，它们最后都住进了所在的栖息地。很多行为问题包括咬人、噪音、攻击性和啄羽毛是被遗弃的最重要原因。

Many of the normal and abnormal behaviours of parrots can be better understood by examining how birds perceive the environment around them. Problems like bonding with human caregiver, may occur in birds not provided with appropriate socializations opportunities. Parrots thrive in an environment in which they are not subjugated but rather have control over significant life events. Lack of control can have pathological effects like depression, learning problems, emotional problems and decreased immune system. Parrots can be empowered instead of overpowered without altering our standards for good companion behaviour.

通过研究鸟类如何感知周围环境，可以更好地理解鹦鹉的许多正常和异常行为。没有提供适当的社交机会的鸟类可能会出现与人类照顾者建立联系等问题。鹦鹉在一个没有被制服，而是被控制着重要的生活事件的环境中茁壮成长。缺乏控制会产生病理性影响，如抑郁、学习障碍、情绪问题和免疫系统功能减退。在不改变我们对好伴侣行为的标准的情况下，鹦鹉可以被授权而不是被制服。

Parrots are routinely denied two of their most fundamental natural behaviours: flying and socialisation. Denial of these activities can cause both physical and behavioural abnormalities in captive parrots. 

鹦鹉经常被剥夺两种最基本的自然行为：飞行和社交。无法进行这些活动会导致圈养鹦鹉的身体和行为出现异常。

Parrots kept as pets are often housed alone or in pairs in small cages incapable of accommodating flight. Flight is beneficial to health, allows the natural flight response and wing clipping may initiate feather plucking behaviour in some parrots. Stereotypic behaviour in captive birds is related to lack of space and physical complexity, lack of opportunity to perform foraging behaviour and lack of social interaction with same species.

作为宠物饲养的鹦鹉通常被单独或成对地关在小笼子里，无法适应飞行。飞行对健康有益，应该允许自然的飞行反应，在一些鹦鹉中，剪羽可能会引发自体拔毛行为。圈养鸟类的刻板行为与缺乏空间和身体复杂性、缺乏觅食机会以及缺乏与同一物种的社会互动有关。

Parrots are highly intelligent animals, and they get bored quickly. When people do not interact with them, not meeting the bird’s emotional needs, the bird will become frustrated and engage in unwanted behaviour. Parrots are flock animals and they need activity outside their cage. Training is a nice way for the owner to socialize with the parrot, mentally stimulate the bird and prevent or change problem behaviour. 

鹦鹉是非常聪明的动物，它们很快就会感到无聊。当人们不与它们互动，不满足鸟的情感需求时，鸟就会变得沮丧，做出你不想要的行为。鹦鹉是群居动物，它们需要在笼子外面活动。训练是主人与鹦鹉交往的好方法，可以在精神上刺激鹦鹉，预防或改变有问题的行为。

References 参考文献: 

- Snyder et al 1987, Rowley and Chapman 1991, High mate fidelity 

- Saunders et al 1984, Parrot exhibit a relatively extended nestling period 

- Fraser and Broom 1990, Many parrots are successfully bred under captive conditions that are found to have severe welfare problems 

- Hardy 1965, Levinson, Seibert, Bernstein 1980, Reliable indicators of dominance status have not been determined for most psittacine species 

- Rowley 1990, Snyder 1987, Major behavioural activities for parrots 

- Lefebre 1982, Rowling 1990, Wirminghouse 200, Grooming behaviours 

- Rowley 1990, Snyder 1987, Wirminghouse 2001, Sleep is single behaviour that occupies greatest proportion of a parrots day 

- Maier and Seligman 1976, Laundenslager et al 1983, Lack of control can have pathological effects 

- Mason 1991, Broom 1996, Stereotypic behaviour is often an indicator of poor welfare 

- Graham 1998, Hoek and ten Cate 1998, Garner et al 2003, Meehan et al 2003 and 2004, Denial of flying and socialisation can cause both physical and behavioural abnormalities in captive parrots 

- Forbes and Glendell 1999, Hesterman et al 2001, Wing clipping may initiate feather plucking behaviour in some parrots

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