抗解问题 / Wicked problem

「释义」

抗解问题是指一个困难或不可能解决的问题，因为这个问题不完整、矛盾、不断变化且往往难以识别或定义。英语中使用“wicked”是指一种抵抗的决心。另一种对抗解问题的定义是“问题因其复杂的社会意涵，而没有任何能够确定的停止点 。”且因为复杂的相互依赖性，试图解决抗解问题的行动或方法可能会造成其他问题的产生。

「应用场景」

网络上的信息污染，是个“抗解问题”（wicked problem）。这种问题无法以常规方式解决，尝试解决往往适得其反。举例来说，Facebook增加了一项功能，由事实检查员为虚假信息打上“有争议”标签，然而，如果用户原本已经倾向于相信该信息，看到这个标签只会更加坚信不疑，不会改变想法。我们还需要更好的解决方案。

Polluted information online is a “wicked problem.” It cannot be solved by conventional processes, and efforts to address it often exacerbate it. Consider, for example, Facebook’s addition of a “disputed by fact-checkers” tag to articles that have been deemed false. Rather than change minds, the tag actually increased belief in the false claim for those audiences who were already inclined to believe it. We need to do better.

虚假、误导和捏造的信息，造成的直接和间接成本难以量化，一般根据信息对广大人群的影响程度而定。可是，这类信息对经济的影响却少有人问津。前不久发生了三件受误导信息影响的世界大事——英国脱欧、美国特朗普当选、法国马克龙当选，无疑会对全球经济产生影响。归根结底，专为散播猜忌、困惑情绪，并利用国家、民族、种族和宗教紧张局势，加剧已有社会文化隔离而设计的任何活动，都必然会对各个经济体产生深远影响。

The direct and indirect costs of information that is false, misleading, or manipulated are hard to quantify and tend to pertain to how polluted information is affecting democracies. Surprisingly, little discussion focuses on how it is influencing economies. Three recent major world events affected by misinformation — the Brexit vote and the elections of Donald Trump and Emmanuel Macron — certainly have global economic consequences. After all, any campaign designed specifically to sow mistrust and confusion — and to sharpen existing sociocultural divisions using nationalistic, ethnic, racial, and religious tensions — surely reverberates across economies.

以上文字选自《哈佛商业评论》中文版2018年10月刊《如何对抗虚假信息》

克莱尔·沃德尔（CLAIRE WARDLE）丨文

马冰仑 丨编辑