句法学-4-5[End]-外应笔记-英专研考

2023-08-16 23:39 作者:冯明杨 0人读过 | 我要投稿

4-5

对接上期，

对「Phrase Structure Rule」, 有专门的【名词解释】——A certain word can only concur with certain other words. There must be certain grammatical mechanism that ensures the appropriate positions that specifiers, heads, and complements occupy in phrase structure. Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called「Phrase Structure Rule」.

某种特定的词只能与另一类特定的词一起出现！这必然存在语法机制确保标志语、中心词和补语在短句结构中处在恰当的位置。这种规定各成分排列而构成短语的结构叫做<短语结构规则>！

关于XP, 内部也有相关的文献记载！如[星火]给了俩，该研究领域基于树状图研究的！

「Government and C-command」

两个树状图代表了什么？

(a). Speak governs The Language, 即<管辖>。而至于为什么这是管辖，到底研究了个啥结论，咱也不敢多说，咱也不敢多问。

这个应该与<意义一致>有关，而非结构，并非所有这样的结构都是V<管辖>NP.

(b). Speak <管辖> About the Language, while About <管辖> The Language, 这叫Speak <C-command统制>了所有！

看看就行了，没啥意思！

「Binding Theory」&指代词

三句话——

1. An anaphora(照应语) is bound in itself governing category;

2. A pronominal(指代语) is free in itself governing category;

3. A r-expression is free.

The term <Anaphora> is used in a narrow sense to include only reflexives like “myself” and reciprocals like “each other”.

<Pronominal> refers to pronouns other than reflexives and reciprocals.

<R-expression> is the abbreviation of “referential expression”, covering all the other r-expressions except anaphors and pronominal, e.g. “John”, “the man”.

(a). John likes himself

(b). They hit each other.

(c). John doesn’t likes Bill’s criticism of himself.

(d). John likes him.

(e). Bill says John likes him.

(f). Bill say John likes the man.

术语自己记！

然后，分析与结论自己推——

(a)(b).指代词之间相互照应！

(c). himself在<Bill’s criticism of himself>这个范畴里指代Bill!

(d).代词指代范畴之外的人！

(e). him与John不同指，但可以与Bill同指！

(f). him与Bill以及John都不同指！

再聊一聊IC, 即Immediate constituent, 即XP画图上省去了标注，而是直接画线！

由此还延伸出Bracket(括号法)，等价！((Poor John) (ran away) )

经典一张图，展示了“my small child’s cot”三重歧义，“我的儿童式的小床”“我小儿子的床”“我儿子的小床”

来个复杂的，( (my mother) (said (Mary (liked (the handbag) ) ) ) ).

关于[胡]涉及到的<功能语法-布拉格学派><系统功能语法-韩立德>就到[胡-第十二章]再说！

<生成学派>的创始人Noam Chomsky by publishing《Syntactic Structures》in 1957.

「Syntactic Category」分为「Lexical Category」, e.g. noun, verb, adjective and adverb.以及「Phrasal Category」, e.g. NP, VP, PP, AP.

顾名思义！自己圆话！&履行某一特定语法功能的词或短语。

<句法动态转换>有四种「NP-movement」、「Aux-movement」and「Wh-movement」、「Do insertion」.

<Syntactic movement>, 又可作为<transformational rule>.

「Aux-movement」

转换仅仅只能改变成分的位置，而不能改变词的范畴，也不能消除短语结构规则创造的结构的任何部分。因此，will尽管被移到了C位置却保留了Infl的标记。它之前所处的位置仍然存在于树形结构中，由符号e(空)来标记。

[杂谈]——我们可以发现一个现象，不敢说多么奇妙、多么启迪，而可能多此一举吧——它的意思就是说，一般疑问句有变化，需要标记出它变位前的位置！至于<为什么will=C?>, 不知道，小概率的可能是因为原作者圆话实在是圆不过来了，加补丁去圆话。是因为，<CP→C+S>才合理，其他任何N, V, P, A都不行！

【名词解释】——Such type of inversion operation involving the movement that the head position in one phrase into the head position in another is known as <Head movement≈前置>.

然后是「Do insertion」, Do在此是<interrogative疑问词>.

Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl position and move it toward head position.

我学出来一种感觉，把大象放进冰箱需要几步？三步！三部曲！把冰箱打开，再把大象放进去，最后关闭冰箱。

「Wh-movement」, wh-词开头的问句又称特殊疑问句(wh-question).

无独有偶，分析方法同样<大象冰箱式理解法>，

You will talk about what.→What will you talk about?

You can speak what language.→What language can you speak?

<Wh-Movement>将一个wh短语移到CP中的标志语位置上。

关于<Deep Structure> and <Surface Structure>, 属于<generative grammar>里面的内容，用动态、转化、生成的方式去看待句子。

深层结构即<变化之前的结构>！！！

表层结构即<变化及变化之后的结构>！！！

这样理解就行，但答题术语是这样写的！！！

「Deep Structure」is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence——an underlying level of structural organization which specific all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.

「Surface Structure」is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input of the phonological component through appropriate transformation, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.