[Coursera公开课] 女性主义与社会正义 Feminism and Soc

搬运第一周的阅读材料，简单翻译了一下：

贝蒂娜对女权主义的实用定义

《韦氏词典》将女权主义定义为“两性政治、经济和社会平等的理论”。

真正的问题是：平等意味着什么？如何实现平等？

女权主义意味着，在人类事务的安排中，女性至少应该拥有与男性一样的发言权，尤其是在她们自己生活的意义、目的和活动方面。

女权主义意味着对女性的集体赋权。

对于美国乃至全世界的有色人种女性来说，除非她们所属的社区从各种形式的种族压迫中解放出来，否则这种集体赋权是不可能实现的。同样，除非铲除一切层面的殖民主义和新殖民主义，否则“全球南方（指不发达国家）”的女性就无法实现这种集体赋权。

此外，没有经济独立于男性、充分，有偿并有意义的就业（与接受所需的教育和培训）以及摆脱贫困，女性就无法实现集体赋权。同样，对女性的集体赋权要求女性能够掌控自己的身体，并自主做出影响其生殖能力的所有决定，包括选择避孕、堕胎、分娩和产前产后护理方面的完善途径。

同样，除非女性不受到一切形式的暴力和性胁迫，否则她们就无法实现集体赋权。除了强奸、性骚扰、家庭暴力和相关行为外，对妇女的暴力还包括战争和备战。

除非女性（和男性）对自己的性行为拥有绝对的控制权，拥有只要是成年人之间的自愿行为，就能不受谴责、报复或任何其他形式的歧视地选择自己性伴侣和爱人的不可剥夺的权利，否则女性的赋权就是不可能实现的。女孩和男孩都必须能够在没有恐惧的情况下，以最科学的准确性和公开性，获得完整的性教育课程。

女权主义包括性别的流动性，以及人们根据自己的倾向和愿望追求跨性别身份和做法的权利，而不受任何形式的歧视、谴责和报复。同样，女权主义的目的包括使用she/he以外的代词来表示非特定的性别称呼。

女权主义是实现男女平等和所有民族平等的复杂事业。女权主义与消除一切形式的等级制度和一切统治制度有关，与尊重所有生命的珍贵有关。根据对性别的文化、法律、历史和政治方面的理解，这一定义使用了对女性和男性的特定称呼，以及对种族和性别身份的称呼，以适当地认识到这是为性别、种族、性和社会方面的正义而进行的斗争，同时认识到这些类别既不是固定的，也不是永久的。

出于以上原因，正如这里所定义的，女权主义需要对人类社会进行彻底的重建。

原文是：

Bettina’s working definition of feminism

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines feminism as “the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes.”

The real question is: What does equality mean, and how can it be achieved?

Feminism means that women shall have at least as much to say as men about everything in the arrangement of human affairs, including especially the meaning, purpose, and activities of their own lives.

Feminism means the collective empowerment of women.

For women of color in the United States, and, indeed in the world, such a collective empowerment cannot be achieved unless the communities of which they are a part are liberated from all forms of racial oppression. Likewise, women in the “Global South” cannot achieve such a collective empowerment unless and until all aspects of colonialism and neo-colonialism are eradicated.

In addition, women cannot achieve a collective empowerment without economic independence from men, full and gainful and meaningful employment, (and the education and training required for it) and freedom from poverty. Similarly, women’s collective empowerment requires that women have control over their own bodies, and all of the decisions affecting their reproductive capabilities, including full access to choices concerning contraception, abortion, childbirth, and pre and post-natal care.

Likewise, women cannot achieve a collective empowerment unless they are free from all forms of violence and sexual coercion. In addition to rape, sexual harassment, domestic violence and related acts, violence against women also includes war, and preparations for war.

Women’s empowerment cannot be achieved unless and until women (and men) have absolute control over their own sexuality, the inalienable right to choose their own sexual and loving partners, as long as this is between consenting adults, free from censure, reprisal, or any other form of discrimination. And both girls and boys must have access to a full curriculum of sex education free from fear, and with the fullest scientific accuracy and disclosure.

Feminism embraces the fluidity of gender, and the right of people to pursue transgender identities and practices in accord with their propensities and wishes, free from all forms of discrimination, censure, and reprisal. Likewise, feminist purpose includes the use of pronouns other that s/he to indicate a non-specific gender designation.

Feminism is the complicated enterprise of achieving equality between women and men, and among all peoples. Feminism is about the elimination of all forms of hierarchy, and all systems of domination. It is about honoring the preciousness of all life. In accord with cultural, legal, historical and political understandings of gender this definition uses specific designations of women and men, and designations of racial and sexual identities in order to appropriately recognize struggles for gender, racial, sexual, and social justice while simultaneously acknowledging that these categories are neither fixed nor permanent.

For these reasons feminism, as defined here, requires a radical reconstruction of human society.