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化为熟悉的样子(2021全国甲导数)

2022-10-13 00:56 作者:数学老顽童  | 我要投稿

(2021全国甲,21)已知a%3E0a%5Cne%201,函数f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5Ea%7D%7Ba%5Ex%7Dx%3E0).

(1)当a%3D2时,求f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20的单调区间;

(2)若曲线y%3Df%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20与直线y%3D1有且仅有两个交点,求a的取值范围.

解:(1)当a%3D2时,f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%5Ex%7D

%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%09%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bf'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%7D%26%3D%5Cfrac%7B2x%5Ccdot%202%5Ex-x%5E2%5Ccdot%202%5Ex%5Cln%202%7D%7B%5Cleft(%202%5Ex%20%5Cright)%20%5E2%7D%5C%5C%0A%09%26%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5Cleft(%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B2-x%5Cln%202%7D%20%5Cright)%7D%7B2%5Ex%7D%5C%5C%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D

f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%3D0,得x%3D%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B%5Cln%20%202%7D

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%200%2C%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B%5Cln%20%202%7D%20%5Cright)%20%7D

f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D;

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%20%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B%5Cln%20%202%7D%2C%2B%5Cinfty%20%5Cright)%20%7D

f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C0f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Csearrow%20%7D.

(2)f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D1%5Cfrac%7Bx%5Ea%7D%7Ba%5Ex%7D%3D1

其等价于%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%20x%7D%7Bx%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%20a%7D%7Ba%7D%7D

g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%20x%7D%7Bx%7D,则

%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bg'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%7D%20%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%5Ccdot%20x-%5Cln%20%20x%5Ccdot%201%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B1-%5Cln%20%20x%7D%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D

g'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%3D0,得x%3D%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%200%2C%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%20%5Cright)%20%7Dg'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%20%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%2C%2B%5Cinfty%20%5Cright)%20%7Dg'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C0g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Csearrow%20%7D

所以%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bg%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20_%7B%5Cmax%7D%7D%3Dg%5Cleft(%20%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%7D%7D.

另外注意到:g%5Cleft(%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D1%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D0,并且

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%200%2C1%20%5Cright)%20%7Dg%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%3C0%7D

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%201%2C%2B%5Cinfty%20%5Cright)%20%7Dg%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%3E0%7D.

%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%20a%7D%7Ba%7D%3C0%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%20a%7D%7Ba%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%7D

%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Ba%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%200%2C1%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccup%20%5Cleft%5C%7B%20%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%20%5Cright%5C%7D%20%7D时,

直线y%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%20a%7D%7Ba%7D至多与曲线y%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%20x%7D%7Bx%7D有一个交点,不合题意;

0%3C%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%20a%7D%7Ba%7D%3C%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%7D

%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Ba%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%201%2C%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccup%20%5Cleft(%20%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%2C%2B%5Cinfty%20%5Cright)%20%7D时,由于

g%5Cleft(%201%20%5Cright)%20%3C%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%20a%7D%7Ba%7D

g%5Cleft(%20%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%20%5Cright)%20%3E%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%20a%7D%7Ba%7D

g%5Cleft(%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%20%5Cfrac%7B2a%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%5Cln%20%20a%7D%20%5Cright)%20%5E2%7D%20%5Cright)%20%3C%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%20a%7D%7Ba%7D

%5Cexists%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bx_1%7D%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%201%2C%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%20%5Cright)%20

%5Cexists%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bx_2%7D%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%20%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%2C%5Cleft(%20%5Cfrac%7B2a%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%5Cln%20%20a%7D%20%5Cright)%20%5E2%20%5Cright)%20

使得g%5Cleft(%20x_1%20%5Cright)%20%3Dg%5Cleft(%20x_2%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%20a%7D%7Ba%7D.

比例并非1:1

综上所述:%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Ba%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%201%2C%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccup%20%5Cleft(%20%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%2C%2B%5Cinfty%20%5Cright)%20%7D.

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