1903AS历史 富兰克林：要小心设置政府职位

文章分析：

This passage is adapted from a speech that Benjamin Franklin

delivered to the United States Constitutional Convention in

1787.

There are two passions which have a powerful

influence in the affairs of men. These are ambition

and avarice; the love of power and the love of money.

Separately, each of these has great force in prompting

men to action; but, when united in view of the same

object, they have, in many minds, the most violent

effects. Place before the eyes of such men a post of

honor, that shall, at the same time, be a place of profit,

and they will move heaven and earth to obtain it.

The vast number of such places it is that renders the

British Government so tempestuous. The struggles for

them are the true source of all those factions which

are perpetually dividing the nation, distracting its

councils, hurrying it sometimes into fruitless and

mischievous wars, and often compelling a submission

to dishonorable terms of peace.

And of what kind are the men that will strive for

this profitable pre-eminence, through all the bustle

of cabal, the heat of contention, the infinite mutual

abuse of parties, tearing to pieces the best of

characters? It will not be the wise and moderate, the

lovers of peace and good order, the men fittest for

the trust. It will be the bold and the violent, the men

of strong passions and indefatigable activity in their

selfish pursuits. These will thrust themselves into your

government, and be your rulers. And these, too, will be

mistaken in the expected happiness of their situation,

for their vanquished competitors, of the same spirit,

and from the same motives, will perpetually be

endeavoring to distress their administration, thwart

their measures, and render them odious to the people.

Besides these evils, ... though we may set out in

the beginning with moderate salaries, we shall find

that such will not be of long continuance. Reasons

will never be wanting for proposed augmentations;

and there will always be a party for giving more to the

rulers, that the rulers may be able, in return, to give

more to them. Hence, as all history informs us, there

has been in every state and kingdom a constant kind

of warfare between the governing and the governed;

the one striving to obtain more for its support, and

the other to pay less. And this has alone occasioned

great convulsions, actual civil wars, ending either

in dethroning of the princes or enslaving of the

people. Generally, indeed, the ruling power carries its

point, and we see the revenues of princes constantly

increasing, and we see that they are never satisfied,

but always in want of more. The more the people are

discontented with the oppression of taxes, the greater

need the prince has of money to distribute among

his partisans, and pay the troops that are to suppress

all resistance, and enable him to plunder at pleasure.

There is scarce a king in a hundred, who would not,

if he could, follow the example of Pharoah,— get first

all the people's money, then all their lands, and then

make them and their children servants forever. It will

be said that we do not propose to establish kings. I

know it. But there is a natural inclination in mankind

to kingly government. It sometimes relieves them from

aristocratic domination. They had rather have one tyrant

than five hundred. It gives more of the appearance

of equality among citizens; and that they like. I am

apprehensive, therefore,— perhaps too apprehensive,

—that the government of these States may, in future

times, end in a monarchy. But this catastrophe, I think,

may be long delayed, if in our proposed system we do

not sow the seeds of contention, faction and tumult, by

making our posts of honor places of profit.

遇到这种长段落，除了学会自行划分层次让自己阶段性的阅读下去之外，还要学会提取段落中作者表达观点的句子作为这一段的代表。

文章论证结构：

para 1: 分析客观事实引入话题；

para 2: 分析具体的特点；

para 3: 提出解决方法和作者论点。

题型解析：

历史难不用担心，只要能在原文中找到定位就好办。特别是细节题。

组合循证可以先借助下一题的定位。

比如16+17,18+19，先到定位处找到上一题题干中的核心词定位。

先抓论证结构，再利用题干定位。

背景拓展：

Benjamin Franklin

Exhibition Label Benjamin Franklin, in his day the most famous American in the world, was renowned for his scientific accomplishments as much as for his political and diplomatic triumphs. Known as a "natural philosopher," as scientists were termed in the eighteenth century, Franklin was celebrated for his experiments with electricity, but he also conducted experiments in other areas and invented devices as varied as a stove and bifocal eyeglasses. He also reorganized and expanded the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia and was often the conduit for correspondence between Americans and Europeans who were studying botany, chemistry, physics, and other sciences. By the mid-1780s, when this portrait was created, Franklin was representing the new republic in France, where he was revered for his wit and scientific knowledge.

建议大家在有空闲的时间，好好阅读：

https://baike.baidu.com/item/本杰明·富兰克林

很多资料就在触手可及的地方，却鲜有人问津。

时代背景：

1777年大陆会议制定的并于1781年批准施行的《邦联条例》规定，由当时13个独立州组成邦联制国家。邦联政府的权限很小，不能有效地行使国家职权。鉴此，邦联国会于1787年2月邀请各州代表到费城召开制宪会议,修改《邦联条例》。

5月召开会议,出席的有12个州（罗得岛州除外）的55名代表，G.华盛顿任主席。主张废除《邦联条例》、重新制定新宪法的代表占优势，使这次会议成了全国制宪会议。出席会议的大都是资产阶级和种植园奴隶主的代表，由于利益不同，大州与小州之间又存在着矛盾。

经过长时间的秘密讨论，直至1787年9月17日才通过新的宪法草案,交由各州批准。全国围绕新宪法的批准问题展开广泛的激烈讨论。1789年3月4日召开的美国第1届联邦国会宣布《美利坚合众国宪法》正式生效，它奠定了美国政治制度的法律基础，制定后多年来附有27条修正案，迄今继续生效。1787年宪法强调加强国家权力，又在权力结构中突出“分权与制衡”的原则，以避免权力过于集中,体现了一定的民主精神。其内容是：立法、司法与行政权三权分立。分权制衡的核心精神在于权力平衡。其学说来自洛克和孟德斯鸠等人，美国人把思想、理论转变为行动、实践。政府结构必须能使各部门之间有适当的控制和平衡。使权力为公众福利和正义目的有效行使其管理职能，同时又保持对权力的优良控制，实现公共权力与公民权利的平衡，管理与控权的动态平衡，是分权和制约的归宿。通过分权、制约最终达到平衡，是宪政的最终目标。