K400V2S06S1Q1-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. 

Arts/archaeology

bog iron / Scandinavian settlement

沼铁矿附近的定居点

①Bowles et al. posit a positive relationship between Scandinavian settlement locations during the period of Viking expansion, beginning in the 8th century, and availability of bog iron at these locations. ②They cite Eriksson’s 1961 map that plots locations of major settlements in relation to known areas where bog iron could have been extracted. ③Two settlements in particular, Telemark and Bergslagen, were near numerous pockets of available bog iron. ④The map shows a lack of settlements where evidence for bog iron deposits is lacking. ⑤Trondheim is the only settlement of a noticeable distance from any deposit. ⑥It may be that our knowledge is incomplete regarding the location of bog iron deposits at that time, or Trondheim may have been used to gather other resources.

鲍尔斯等人认为在 8 世纪开始的维京人扩张期间斯堪的纳维亚定居点与这些地点的沼铁矿供应之间存在正相关关系。他们引用了埃里克森 1961 年的地图，该地图绘制了主要定居点的位置与已知的可能是沼铁矿的区域的关系。 特别是两个定居点，泰勒马克和伯格斯拉根，靠近大量可用的沼铁矿。 该地图显示铁矿床少的地方定居点也少。 特隆赫姆是唯一一个距离任何矿床都有明显距离的定居点。 可能是我们对当时沼泽铁矿的位置的了解不完整，或者特隆赫姆可能已被用来收集其他资源。

1. The author mentions “other resources” primarily in order to

功能题 目的题 易

解释Tr不在沼铁矿附近的一个可能原因

E

A. acknowledge that bog iron was only one of many resources required by Viking settlements 没有only的证据

B. provide an interpretation of a particular ambiguity in Erikson’s map of Viking settlements 没有ambiguity的证据

C. offer a possible explanation for differences in the ways in which various Viking settlements exploited natural resources 没有开采能源方式不同的证据

D. challenge a particular assumption about the resemblance of Trondheim to Telemark and Bergslagen 没有resemblance的证据，或者相反。

E. introduce a possible explanation for a discrepancy between the evidence provided by Erikson’s map and the view put forth Bowles et al. 符合

2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions about Trondheim?

态度题 易

对应最后一句。

B

A. It was likely established as a settlement before the Vikings began to use bog iron. 推不出来时间。

B. It could possibly have resembled Telemark and Bergslagen in its proximity to bog iron deposits. 有可能。符合最后一句前半句。

C. It was more distant from other population centers than were Telemark and Bergslagen. 没有证据。

D. Its inhabitants likely had access to a wider range of natural resources than did those who lived in Telemark and Bergslagen. 没有比较的证据。

E. Its location may have prevented it from becoming as important a settlement as were those nearer to bog iron deposits.  没有重要性的证据。

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage:

Arts/archaeology

human colonization / hand axes / archaeological record / Europe

50万年前的欧洲人类居住地很难确认

①The human colonization of Europe took place in at least two stages. ②After half a million years ago, settlement is widespread and well documented in both the northern and the southern regions of Western Europe. ③Sites in most regions yield hand axes and the skeletal remains of people who appear to have been ancestral to the Neanderthals. ④But prior to 500,000 years ago, the pattern of settlement is different. ⑤Firmly dated sites are extremely rare and currently confined to southern Europe. ⑥Although scarce, human skeletal remains must be assigned to other hominid taxa. ⑦Hand axes and other bifacial tools are largely—if not wholly—absent.

①The earlier phase of occupation, which began at least 800,000 years ago, appears to represent one or more colonization events by relatively small numbers of humans. ②Both their skeletal morphology and their tools suggest that they may have had little connection with the people who colonized Europe after 500,000 years ago, and they might have failed to establish long-term settlement. ③The lack of known sites in northern Europe suggests that the initial occupants may have been unable to cope with environments above 41˚- 42˚ North (that is, above latitudes already settled by Homo erectus in Asia.)

①Documenting the early phase of European colonization is difficult because of its limited visibility in the archaeological record. ②The density of the early European population was probably low, and occupation sites may have been small. ③Few of the sites are likely to have been preserved, and even these may be particularly difficult to find. ④Most caves and rock shelters—which protect archaeological remains and are easy to identify as potential sites—erode away in a few hundred thousand years. ⑤The majority of the early European sites are buried in sediments deposited by streams, lakes, or springs.

①The lack of hand axes presents a special problem for the European sites that antedate half a million years. ②Such tools are unmistakable products of the human hand, and their presence in later deposits—even in isolated settings—is firm evidence of human occupation. ③But prior to 500,000 years ago, Europeans were making simple pebble and flake tools that differed little from the original Oldowan industry (the earliest tools in human history). ④These artifacts are often difficult to distinguish from naturally fractured rock, and they are frequently recovered from geologic contexts (such as high-energy stream deposits) likely to contain naturally chipped and broken cobbles and pebbles. ⑤As a consequence, most of the reported European sites dating to more than 500,000 years ago are highly problematic.

欧洲的人类定居至少分两个阶段进行。 在定居的五十万年之后，西欧的北部和南部地区，定居点很普遍并且有据可查。 大多数地区的遗址发现了手斧和似乎是尼安德特人祖先的骨骼遗骸。 但在 50 万年前之前，聚居的格局有所不同。 确定日期的遗址极为罕见，目前仅限于南欧。 虽然稀有，但人类骨骼遗骸归属于其他原始类群。手斧和其他双面工具在很大程度上（如果不是完全）并不存在。

至少在 80 万年前开始的早期定居阶段似乎体现出人数较少的人群的一个或多个定居现象。 他们的骨骼形态和工具都表明，他们可能与 50 万年前定居欧洲的人们几乎没有联系，他们可能没能建立长期定居点。北欧没有多少已知的定居点这个事实表明最初的居住者可能无法应对北纬 41°-42° 以上的环境（即亚洲直立人已经定居的纬度以上）。

记录欧洲殖民的早期阶段是困难的，因为考古记录的缺乏。早期欧洲人口的密度可能很低，居住地点可能很小。很少有遗址可能被保存下来，即使是这些遗址也可能特别难以找到。 大多数洞穴和岩石庇护所——这些地方能保留考古遗迹并且很容易被识别为潜在遗址——会在几十万年内被侵蚀掉。大多数早期的欧洲遗址都埋在溪流、湖泊或泉水的沉积物中。

对于早在 50 万年前的欧洲遗址来说，没有找到手斧是一个特别的问题。这些工具无疑是人工的产物，它们在后来的沉积物中的发现——即使在孤立的环境中——是人类定居的有力证据。 但在50万年前，欧洲人正在制造简单的鹅卵石和薄片工具，这与最初的奥尔多瓦工业（人类历史上最早的工具）几乎没有区别。这些人工制品通常很难与自然断裂的岩石区分开来，并且它们经常能从可能包含自然碎裂和破碎的鹅卵石和鹅卵石的地质环境（例如高能流沉积物）中被发现。 因此，大多数认为可追溯到 50 万年前的欧洲遗址都存在很大问题。

3. The primary purpose of the passage is to

功能题 主旨题 易

文章讨论了50万年前的欧洲人类遗址很难判定。属于现象解释类文章。

B

A. highlight differences between the two stages of European colonization 不是主旨

B. explain why doing research into early European colonization is difficult 符合

C. reconcile two competing theories regarding the colonization of Europe 没有reconcile的证据

D. discuss recent investigations into colonization 不仅是在讨论调查研究

E. argue for the relevance of new evidence regarding colonization of Europe 并不在支持新证据

4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about people who colonized Europe after 500,000 years ago?

细节题 推断题 难

注意审题，问的是50万年之后，信息来自第一段。

E

A. Their settlements are based to accurately date. 这个可不敢这么说，50万年后的定居点是不是都日期明确，没有证据。

B. Their settlements were quite small. 早期的小，后来的小不小不知道。

C. Their settlements were less densely populated than those of earlier colonizers. 后来比更早的人少。没有证据

D. They used stone tools that closely resembled naturally fractured rock. 相反。这是50万年之前的情况。

E. They were able to survive in locations where there is no evidence of earlier colonizers. 因为50万年之前没发现手斧，能发现的石头工具也可能是自然产生的，所以这之前可能真没有人住过。

5. The passage implies which of the following about hand axes? 

细节题 推断题 易

手斧出现在第一第四段，是人类存在的证据。

A

A. They cannot be mistaken for naturally occurring rocks. 是的

B. They were not used by the Neanderthals. 没有证据

C. They have been found in sites associated with the earliest Europeans. 相反

D. They are usually found buried in sediments deposited by lakes and streams. 无关，与三段信息信息杂糅

E. They make dating European sites that postdate half a million years ago difficult. 没有证据或相反

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

6. The passage supports which of the following statements about the tools used by Europeans prior to 500,000 years ago?

细节题 易

信息来自最后一段。

ABC

A. They look very similar to naturally broken rocks. 符合

B. They closely resemble the original Oldowan industry. 符合

C. They have not been found above 41˚- 42˚ North. 符合

Question 7 is based on this passage:

Sciences

whooping cough / public health threat

成人百日咳没大事

The infectious disease known as whooping cough is commonly thought to be a childhood illness, but a recent study suggests that more adults contract this illness than was previously suspected. Although the disease is life threatening in children, in adults it typically causes only a persistent cough which, though annoying, is rarely serious. Therefore, the incidence of whooping cough in adults poses no significant public health threat.

被称为百日咳的传染病通常被认为是一种儿童疾病，但最近的一项研究表明，感染这种疾病的成年人比以前认为的要多。尽管这种疾病在儿童中会危及生命，但在成人中，它通常只会引起持续的咳嗽，虽然很烦人，但并不严重。 因此，成人百日咳的发病率不会对公众健康构成重大威胁。

7. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

逻辑单题 逻辑支持 中

假设题。找大前提。这个前提一旦不成立，上面的论断就不成立了。

B

A. Whooping cough is more difficult to diagnose in adults than in children. 成人百日咳难诊断。好不好诊断，跟影不影响公众健康没关系。

B. Adults with whooping cough do not readily transmit the disease to children. 成人不传染给小孩。如果容易传染给小孩，那就麻烦了，还就真危害公共健康了。可选。

C. Most adults who contract whooping cough get the disease from children with whom they are in close contact. 反正大人得了没事。不算前提。

D. A disease poses no significant public health threat unless it is life-threatening. 除非有生命危险，否则一种疾病是不会有公共健康风险的。是嘛。。那性病呢？你这个前提本身就不成立。

E. Under comparable conditions of exposure, adults whooping cough more readily than do children. 相同条件下，成人更容易的百日咳。得就得呗，反正得了不影响。就算不容易得，反正也没公共健康危机。不是前提。

Questions 8 - 10 are based on this passage:

Arts/music

jazz / John Coltrance / poems / artistic self-definition

闷骚的JC

①Although American jazz musician John Coltrane reportedly wrote other poems, the fact that to date only “A Love Supreme” has been made available to the public assures its literary significance: cast in relief as an accomplishment to his best-selling and most celebrated recording, the poem represents the sole authorized and generally accessible discursive component of what would otherwise be a wholly abstract body of creative output. ②This has had the effect of heightening its perceived significance for interpreting Coltrane’s artistic motivations and his larger spiritual and intellectual interests. ③The effect seems to have been at least partly by design: by this point in his career, Coltrane was suspicious of any kind of verbal framing for his music, saying he preferred to put out his albums without liner notes and let the music “speak for itself.” ④He declined, for instance, to be profiled in what became Spellman’s widely discussed 1966 volume of jazz biography as social critique, Four Lives in the Bebop Business. ⑤In this respect he contrasted with, for instance, his contemporaries and labelmates Charles Mingus and Archie Shepp, older and younger representatives of the jazz avant-garde, respectively, who were much more apt to frame their music with expository text, and even to integrate the latter into the former. ⑥So the inclusion of the poem in the liner notes to A Love Supreme, a suite in four parts for Coltrane’s working quartet, represented a deliberate and conspicuous gesture of artistic self-definition.

尽管美国爵士音乐家约翰·科尔特兰据说还写了其他诗歌，但迄今为止只有大众熟知的“至高无上的爱”证明了它的文学意义：为他最畅销、著名的唱片的成就而做的这首诗是唯一官方且普遍可访问的文字创作，否则我们就只剩下抽象的音乐作品了。这就更显得解读 Coltrane 的艺术动机和他更大的精神和知识兴趣的重要了。这种效果似乎至少部分是有意为之的：在他的职业生涯的那个阶段，Coltrane 怀疑任何对于音乐做出的文字评价，他说他更喜欢在没有衬里注释的情况下推出专辑，让音乐“自己说话” 。例如，他拒绝在Spellman1966 年广受讨论的爵士传记中被描述为像《Bebop 商业中的四种生活》一样的社会评论。这样来看，他与他的同门查尔斯·明格斯（Charles Mingus）和阿奇·谢普（Archie Shepp）形成对比，这两人分别是爵士先锋派的年长和年轻代表，他们更倾向于用解释性的文字来阐述他们的音乐，甚至将文字包含进音乐。因此，将这首诗包含在组曲《A Love Supreme》的内衬中，代表了一种有意为之且引人注目的艺术自我定义姿态。

8. The author mentions “Spellman’s widely discussed 1966 volume” primarily to

功能题 目的题 难

JC不愿意在Spellman1966 年广受讨论的爵士传记中被描述为像《Bebop 商业中的四种生活》一样的社会评论。

C

A. compare Coltrane’s influence to that of his peers 无关

B. point to a source of misconception about Coltrane 干扰项。没有misconception的证据。

C. cite a pattern to which Coltrane was an exception 符合。

D. comment on a change in Coltrane’s musical style 没有change的证据

E. evaluate the social impact of Coltrane’s recording 没有impact的证据

9. The highlighted sentence includes evidence for which of the following statements?

细节题 难

这样来看，他与他的同门查尔斯·明格斯（Charles Mingus）和阿奇·谢普（Archie Shepp）形成对比，这两人分别是爵士先锋派的年长和年轻代表，他们更倾向于用解释性的文字来阐述他们的音乐，甚至将文字包含进音乐。

C

A. Coltrane later regretted his decision not to be profiled in Spellman’s book of jazz biography. 没有后悔的证据

B. Recordings that included expository text were generally better received than those that did not. 没有这个比较

C. Coltrane’s reluctance to speak about his music did not represent a generational shift in jazz. 是的，JC与他同时代的人做法不同。

D. Members of the jazz avant-garde differed in the approach from other jazz musicians. 没有这种不同

E. The inclusion of a poem with A Love Supreme was a result of influence of Coltrane’s peers. 没有influence的证据。

10. In the context in which it appears, “frame” most nearly means

词汇题 中

frame: 这里是装进，装框的意思。就是在唱片里放入文字性说明。

C

A. direct: 引导

B. prescribe: 开处方；推荐

C. enclose: 随信附上

D. contextualize: 置于语境

E. negotiate: 谈判