正反馈 / Positive Feedback

「释义」

正反馈是反馈的一种。是指一系统的输出影响到输入，使得输出变动后会影响到输入，造成输出变动持续加大的情形。简单来说，当A产生了更多的B，B会回过来产生更多的A，这个过程就称为正反馈。

反馈的概念是控制论中最重要的基本概念之一，反馈的特点是根据过去的情况来调整未来的行为。

马太效应就是社会上常见的正反馈现象，例如收入分配不合理可能导致“富者愈富，贫者愈贫”。

「应用场景」

企业是否可以通过匿名或汇总员工对经理的负反馈来解决问题？

Could companies skirt the problem by anonymizing and aggregating the negative feedback that goes to managers?

可以。我认为对企业来说，评估所有反馈流（自上而下，自下而上和横向）并合并反馈比分类展示更为明智。例如不应体现出“这是来自下属的合并反馈”，因为老板可能会对所有下属进行报复。我现在正在另一家企业进行测试。

Yes, I think it might be wise for companies to measure all the feedback flows—top-down, bottom-up, and lateral—and combine the flows rather than break them down when presenting the information. For instance, they shouldn’t say, “This is aggregated feedback from subordinates,” because then bosses might retaliate against all subordinates. I’m testing this with one company now.

你是否研究过正反馈有何影响？

What about positive feedback—did you look at that?

这是我一直在做的另一个项目。我发现褒奖与创造力之间没有体现相关性，因为存在两种相反的机制。正反馈或许可以提升创造力；它使人们感受到认可，因此可能会在工作上投入更多的精力。但是褒奖还有一种影响，即一旦人们在工作上受到称赞就不会做任何改进，因为他们认为自己已经做得很好。

That’s another project I’ve been working on. I’ve found that there’s ultimately no relationship between praise and creativity, because there are two opposing mechanisms in play. Positive feedback can be good for creativity; it makes people feel recognized, and they might put more effort into their jobs as a result. But there’s also an effect whereby once you’re complimented for your work, you don’t do anything to improve, because you think you’re doing perfectly fine as it is.

《下属批评让管理层更具创造力》

艾米·米克

2020年3月刊

“A Subordinate’s Criticism Makes You More Creative”

by Amy Meeker

编辑：马冰仑