Cognitive Biases: Reference dependence & Loss aversion

认知偏见：参照依赖和损失厌恶

作者引用了一个药物选择的问题，其中有四种药物（描述不同），人们在不同的描述下会做出截然相反的选择，详见视频内容。

NOTES:

A simple change in wording can change our judgments about the same options.

一点措辞的变化，就可以改变我们对相同选择的判断。

This strange effect results from two classic biases that affect human choice, known as "reference dependence" and "loss aversion".

这种奇怪的效应产生于两种影响人类选择的经典偏见，分别是“参照依赖”和“损失厌恶”。

"Reference dependence" just refers to the fact that we think about our decisions not in terms of absolutes, but relative to some status quo or baseline.

“参照依赖”指的是我们在做决策时，不是根据绝对的情况，而是与某种现状或基础进行对比。

"Loss aversion" is our reluctance to make choices that lead to losses.We have an instinct to avoid potential losses at all costs.

“损失厌恶”指的是我们不愿意做会导致损失的选择。直觉会使我们不惜一切代价去规避潜在的损失。

Economists have found that loss aversion causes us to do a bunch of inrrational stuff.

经济学家发现，损失厌恶会使导致我们做出大量不理智的事。

Merely describing the outcomes differently, changes which scenarios we find more aversive.

仅仅是用不同的方式描述结果，就能改变我们更厌恶的情形。

If losses are mentioned, we want to reduce them as much as possible, so much so that we take on a bit more risk than we usually like.

当提及损失，我们就希望把损失最小化，使得我们愿意承担比以往更多的风险。

So describing the decision one way, as opposed to another, can cause us to make a completely different choice.

因此，用两种截然相反的方式来描述选择，会导致我们做出完全不同的选择。

How our minds interpret information is at the mercy of our cognitive biases.

我们解读信息的方式完全受制于我们的认知偏见。