（个人翻译，包含一定主观意译，如有谬误望指出，仅供同好参考及学习用，如有需要可私聊获取源文件，原版权属于，无授权个人翻译）

原网址：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroclus

Patroclus帕特克洛斯

帕特克洛斯（希腊语中意为来自父亲的荣耀）来自希腊传说，被记载在荷马史诗《伊利亚特》中，是墨诺提俄斯之子（译注：希腊神话二代泰坦神，普罗米修斯的兄弟），阿克托尔之孙，欧普斯之王。

Life and death生卒事迹

According to Hyginus, Patroclus is the child of Menoetius and Philomela.Homer also references Menoetius as the individual who gave Patroclus to Peleus. Menoetius is the son of Actor, King of Opus in Locris by Aegina.Aegina was a daughter of Asopus and mother of Aeacus by Zeus. Aeacus was father of Peleus, Telamon and Phocus. Actor was a son of Deioneus, King of Phocis and Diomede. His paternal grandparents were Aeolus of Thessaly and Enarete. His maternal grandparents were Xuthus and Creusa, daughter of Erechtheus and Praxithea.

根据希吉努斯（2世纪希腊神话学家）的记载，帕特克洛斯是墨诺提俄斯和菲洛梅拉（雅典公主）的孩子。荷马也特别提到了把帕特克洛斯交给珀琉斯的墨诺提俄斯。墨诺提俄斯是阿克托尔和埃吉娜的儿子，是坐落于洛克里斯的欧普斯的国王。埃吉娜是阿索波斯（河神）的女儿，她和宙斯生下了埃阿克斯。埃阿克斯是珀琉斯、忒拉蒙和福科斯的父亲。阿克托尔是德伊俄纽斯的儿子，福基斯和迪奥米德之王。他父亲的祖父母是塞萨利的埃尔罗斯（风神）和伊娜瑞特（风神的妻子）。

During his childhood, Patroclus had killed another child in anger over a game. Menoetius gave Patroclus to Peleus, Achilles' father, who named Patroclus one of Achilles' "henchmen" as Patroclus and Achilles grew up together. Patroclus acted as a male role model for Achilles, as he was both older than Achilles and wise regarding counsel.

在帕特克洛斯的童年的一次游戏中，愤怒的帕特克洛斯杀死了另一个孩子。墨诺提俄斯把帕特克洛斯托付给阿喀琉斯的父亲珀琉斯，那个让帕特克洛斯和阿喀琉斯一起长大，并使帕特克洛斯成为阿喀琉斯亲信的人。帕特克洛斯是阿喀琉斯的男性榜样，他比阿喀琉斯年长，并且有极好的律法知识。

According to the Iliad, when the tide of war had turned against the Greeks and the Trojans were threatening their ships, Patroclus convinced Achilles to let him lead the Myrmidons into combat. Achilles consented, giving Patroclus the armor Achilles had received from his father, in order for Patroclus to impersonate Achilles. Achilles then told Patroclus to return after beating the Trojans back from their ships.Patroclus defied Achilles' order and pursued the Trojans back to the gates of Troy. Patroclus killed many Trojans, including a son of Zeus, Sarpedon. While fighting, Patroclus' wits were removed by Apollo, after which Patroclus was hit with the spear of Euphorbos. Hector then killed Patroclus by stabbing him in the stomach with a spear.

按照《伊利亚特》的叙述，当战争走向白炽化，特洛伊的军队逼近希腊联军的船只时，帕特克洛斯说服阿喀琉斯同意自己带领父亲的军队出战。阿喀琉斯同意了，并将自己继承于父亲的铠甲给予帕特克洛斯，让帕特克洛斯可以假扮成自己。阿喀琉斯告诫帕特克洛斯，将特洛伊军队赶出他们的战船后就收兵。帕特克洛斯没有听从阿喀琉斯的命令，而是追击到了特洛伊城墙下。帕特克洛斯杀死了许多特洛伊人，包括宙斯之子萨耳珀冬。在战斗中，阿波罗蒙蔽了帕特克洛斯智慧的双眼，欧福耳玻斯随后用矛刺中了帕特克洛斯。而后帕特克洛斯被赫克托尔用矛刺穿腹部而死。

Achilles retrieved his body, which had been stripped of armor by Hector and protected on the battlefield by Menelaus and Ajax.Achilles did not allow the burial of Patroclus' body until the ghost of Patroclus appeared and demanded his burial in order to pass into Hades.Patroclus was then cremated on a funeral pyre, which was covered in the hair of his sorrowful companions. As the cutting of hair was a sign of grief while also acting as a sign of the separation of the living and the dead, this points to how well-liked Patroclus had been. The ashes of Achilles were said to have been buried in a golden urn along with those of Patroclus by the Hellespont.

阿喀琉斯找回了他的尸首，赫克托尔剥光了他的铠甲，而墨涅拉俄斯和埃阿斯保证了帕特克洛斯的尸体没有被破坏。阿喀琉斯不允许埋葬帕特克洛斯，直到帕特克洛斯的灵魂出现并要求下葬使得自己可以前往冥府。帕特克洛斯在火柴堆上火化了，身上覆盖着悲伤的同伴的头发。剪掉头发是一种悲痛的象征，也象征着生者和死者的别离，这也说明了帕特克洛斯生前有多受喜爱。据说阿喀琉斯和帕特克洛斯的骨灰用一个金色的骨灰瓮合葬于赫勒斯滂（译注：今达达尼尔海峡）。

Relationship with Achilles和阿喀琉斯的关系

Main article: Achilles and Patroclus

主要作品：阿喀琉斯和帕特克洛斯

Although Homer does not mention it, there is debate whether or not Achilles and Patroclus had a homosexual relationship. Morales and Mariscal point out that there are several other authors who do draw a romantic connection between the two characters, such as Aeschylus and Phaedrus, who even refers to Achilles as the eromenos. Morales and Mariscal continue stating, "there is a polemical tradition concerning the nature of the relationship between the two heroes".According to Grace Ledbetter, there is a train of thought that Patroclus could have been a representation of the compassionate side of Achilles, who was known for his rage, mentioned in the first line of Homer's Iliad. In contradiction to Morales and Mariscal putting Achilles in the role of the younger male, Ledbetter connects the way that Achilles and his mother Thetis communicate to the communication between Achilles and Patroclus. Ledbetter does so by comparing how Thetis comforts the weeping Achilles in Book 1 of the Iliad to how Achilles comforts Patroclus as he weeps in Book 16. Achilles uses a simile containing a young girl tearfully looking at her mother to complete the comparison. Ledbetter believes this puts Patroclus into a subordinate role to that of Achilles.

即使荷马没有提到，但人们依然为了阿喀琉斯和帕特克洛斯的同性之爱争论不休。莫拉莱斯和马里斯卡尔指出，其他的几位希腊剧作家描绘了这两人之间的浪漫关系，比如埃斯库罗斯和斐德罗笔下将阿喀琉斯称为“被爱者”（译注：eromenos来源于希腊语，实际写为erômenos，与erastês爱者相对，翻译为被爱者。）莫拉莱斯和马里斯卡尔又说：“这两位英雄之间的关系，是一个古老的争论传统。”按照格蕾丝·莱德贝特的说法，另一种主流观点认为帕特克洛斯表现了阿喀琉斯怜悯慈悲的一面，阿喀琉斯的愤怒被荷马记载在《伊利亚特》的第一行。与莫拉莱斯和马里斯卡尔的矛盾中，阿喀琉斯是一个年轻男性的形象，阿喀琉斯很好地连接了自己和帕特克洛斯与自己母亲忒提斯之间的沟通交流。莱德贝特这样认为是因为：比较了忒提斯在第一章安慰哭泣的阿喀琉斯和阿喀琉斯在第十六章安慰哭泣的帕特克洛斯的剧情。阿喀琉斯用了一个明显的暗喻：一个女孩满眼含泪的看着自己的母亲。莱德贝特相信这一点表明了帕特克洛斯是阿喀琉斯的从属角色。

James Hooker describes the literary reasons for Patroclus' character within the Iliad. He states that another character could have filled the role of confidant for Achilles, and that it was only through Patroclus that we have a worthy reason for Achilles' wrath. Hooker claims that without the death of Patroclus, an event that weighed heavily upon him, Achilles' following act of compliance to fight would have disrupted the balance of the Iliad. Hooker describes the necessity of Patroclus sharing a deep affection with Achilles within the Iliad. According to his theory, this affection allows for the even deeper tragedy that occurs. Hooker argues that the greater the love, the greater the loss. Hooker continues to negate Ledbetter's theory that Patroclus is in some way a surrogate for Achilles; rather, Hooker views Patroclus' character as a counterpart to that of Achilles. Hooker reminds us that it is Patroclus who pushes the Trojans back, which Hooker claims makes Patroclus a hero, as well as foreshadowing what Achilles is to do.

詹姆斯·胡克认为《伊利亚特》对帕特克洛斯的形象塑造有一定的文学因素。他认为，另塑造一个角色是为了填补阿克琉斯知己的位置，并有一个足够的理由引起阿喀琉斯的愤怒（译注：伊利亚特全诗以阿喀琉斯的两次愤怒作为线索）。胡克宣称：如果没有帕特克洛斯之死这一沉重打击，阿喀琉斯退避而非战斗的行为将彻底打乱《伊利亚特》的平衡。胡克描述了在《伊利亚特》中阿喀琉斯对帕特克洛斯的深厚感情的必要性。根据他的理论，这种情感导致了更为深层的悲剧。在胡克看来，爱越深，失去越痛苦。胡克并不认同莱德贝特所说帕特克洛斯是阿喀琉斯的性格某一面的观点，相反，胡克认为，帕特克洛斯和阿喀琉斯的性格互相对应。胡克提醒到，正是帕特克洛斯击败了特洛伊人，这种说法即塑造了帕特克洛斯的英雄形象，同时也预示着阿喀琉斯的选择。

Achilles and Patroclus grew up together after Menoitios gave Patroclus to Achilles' father, Peleus. During this time, Peleus named Patroclus one of Achilles' "henchmen".

在墨涅拉俄斯将帕特克洛斯交给阿喀琉斯父亲珀琉斯之后，阿喀琉斯和帕特克洛斯一起长大。在这段时间中，珀琉斯将帕特克洛斯称为阿喀琉斯的追随者。

While Homer's Iliad never once explicitly stated that Achilles and his close friend Patroclus were lovers, this concept was asserted by some later authors. Aeschines asserts that there was no need to explicitly state the relationship as a romantic one, for such "is manifest to such of his hearers as are educated men."Later Greek writings such as Plato's Symposium, the relationship between Patroclus and Achilles is discussed as a model of romantic love.However, Xenophon, in his Symposium, had Socrates argue that it was inaccurate to label their relationship as romantic. Nevertheless, their relationship is said to have inspired Alexander the Great in his close relationship with his companion Hephaestion. After Patroclus killed Clysonymus, Patroclus and his father fled to Peleus palace. Patroclus then grew up with Achilles. Their relationship was so strong that it was as if they were more than brothers. However, Achilles was much younger than Patroclus. This reinforces Dowden's explanation of the relationship between an eromenos, a youth in transition, and an erastes, an older male although having recently made the same transition. Dowden also notes the common occurrence of such relationships as a form of initiation.

尽管荷马从未在《伊利亚特》中明确指出阿喀琉斯和他最亲近的朋友帕特克洛斯之间是恋人，但这一观点被后来的一些作家所承认。埃斯基涅斯（注：古雅典政治家）断言，没有必要特意把两人的关系描述为一种浪漫关系，这就好比“故事的听众都是受过教育的公民”一样正常。后来的古希腊著作柏拉图对话录《会饮篇》中，将阿喀琉斯和帕特克洛斯作为浪漫爱情的典范来讨论。然而，在色诺芬（注：古希腊雅典城邦的军人、历史学家、随笔作家）的《飨宴》中，苏格拉底认同把两人的关系贴上浪漫的标签是不准确的。尽管如此，阿喀琉斯和帕特克洛斯的关系仍然激发了后来亚历山大大帝和他最信赖的赫菲斯蒂安的亲密关系。在帕特克洛斯杀死科里森姆斯之后，帕特克洛斯和父亲一起逃往珀琉斯的领地。帕特克洛斯和阿喀琉斯一起长大。他们之间的关系比亲兄弟还要亲密。然而，阿喀琉斯比帕特克洛斯年轻许多。这从一个方面证实了道登对这段关系的解释，一个处于青春期的男孩作为被爱者，一个年长的男性作为爱者，年长者也经历过青春期。道登还备注到，当时这种关系是普遍而广泛存在的，这两人并不是开端。

References参考文献

略

Further reading拓展阅读

Evslin, Bernard (2006). Gods, Demigods and Demons. London, ENG: I. Tauris.

《神明，半神和恶魔》伯纳德·艾维斯林著。英国伦敦:I.B.Tauris期刊出版社,2006.

Michelakis, Pantelis (2007). Achilles in Greek Tragedy. Cambridge, ENG: Cambridge University Press.

《希腊悲剧中的阿喀琉斯》潘泰利斯·米哈拉基斯著。英国剑桥：剑桥大学出版社，2007.

Kerenyi, Karl (1959). The Heroes of the Greeks. London, ENG: Thames and Hudson. pp. 57–61, et passim.

《希腊英雄》卡尔·凯伦依著。英国伦敦：泰晤士和哈德森出版社，57-61页，1959.

Sergent, Bernard (1986). Homosexuality in Greek Myth. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

《希腊传说中的同性恋》伯纳德中士著。美国波士顿：灯塔出版社，1986.

Miller, Madeline (2011). The Song of Achilles. London, ENG: Bloomsbury.

《阿喀琉斯之歌》玛德琳·米勒著。英国伦敦：布伦斯出版社，2011.

External links超链接

略