passage4

注解：标题为红色，翻译为蓝色，分析为绿色。

         When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so-and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group-theNational Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near final draft of their recommendations.

         NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90 day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.

           In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning."Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.

        NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos(the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.

         NBAC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still"up in the air".

      

一、文章结构分析

      这是一篇涉及生物克隆问题的文章。主要介绍了苏格兰成功地克隆了羊以后，美国政府的反应——成立了专家小组进行研究并就该问题向总统提出建议。结构上是总一分结构，第一段总说，后面详细交待两个建议和一个呼吁。

        第一段：主要交待事件的背景。克林顿政府对克隆羊消息的反应迅速强烈，成立了独立专家小组（NBAC），针对克隆人研究方面的国家政策提出建议。

        第二段至第三段：指出专家组的第一个建议及原因——无限期延长联邦资金用于克隆人的禁令，因为专家组已取得广泛的共识，即认为克隆人是违背道德伦理的。但同时他们会避免给克隆人体DNA或细胞等研究带来更多的限制，而且就私人资金用于克隆人的行为是否违法还无一致意见。

        第四段：专家小组可能向政府提出的另一项建议——禁止政府资助任何克隆人的研究。

        第五段：专家小组呼吁禁止私人资助的研究者和诊所进行克隆人研究。

23. We can learn from the first paragraph that.

[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans

[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning

[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique

[D] the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning

23.从第一段我们可以知道

[A]联邦基金已被用于一个克隆人的项目中

[B]白宫对这一克隆方面的消息反应强烈

[C]NBAC被授权控制克隆技术的滥用

[D]白宫已经得到专家组有关克隆问题的建议

24. The panel agreed on all of the following except that.

[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law

[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control

[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning

[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being

24.专家组能达成以下所有协议，除了。

[A]联邦基金不得用于克隆人的禁令应该被制定成法律

[B]克隆人体DNA不会受到更多的限制

[C]使用私人基金克隆人是犯罪行为

[D]克隆人将违背道德价值观

25. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because.

[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning

[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research

[C] an embryo's life will not be endangered in embryo research

[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law

25.NBAC将不讨论胚胎研究问题是因为。

[A]胚胎研究只是克隆当前的发展阶段

[B]婴儿的健康状况不是胚胎研究主要关心的问题

[C]胚胎的生命在胚胎研究中不会受到威胁

[D]这个问题在法律中已经得到了明确的陈述和规定

26. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.

[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely

[B]a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time

[C]privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC's appeal

[D]the issue of human cloning will soon be settled

26.从最后一段可以推知。

[A]某些NBAC成员对完全禁止克隆人表示犹豫不决

[B]禁止克隆人的一项法律将很快被通过

[C]私人资助的研究人员将会积极响应NBAC的呼吁

[D]克隆人的问题将很快得到解决

二、核心词汇与超纲词汇

①appeal 

n.1.[C]热切或急切的要求，请求，恳求（为得到金钱、帮助等，尤其是为了救人于危

急之中）；呼吁（后跟介词for）

例：make/launch an appeal for the famine victims发出了援助饥民的呼吁

2.[U]a quality or power of attracting or of arousing interest感染力，吸引力

例：a city with appeal for tourists对游客有吸引力的城市

3.[C，U]上诉，申诉

例：an appeal to the European court of Human Rights 向欧洲人权法庭提出的上诉

vi.

*1.（热切或急迫地）恳请，恳求（得到帮助，钱，信息等）；呼吁（用appeal  to sb for/to do sth）例：The police are appealing to the public for information about the crime.警方呼吁公众提供有关这宗罪案的信息。

2.吸引（某人）（后跟介词to）

例：Does the idea of working abroad appeal to you？你对出国工作的主意感兴趣吗？

vt.&vi.（提出）上诉/申诉

②chair n.

1.[C]椅子

2.[用单数]（主持会议或委员会的）主席（席位），委员长（职位）

例：She takes the chair in all our meetings.她主持我们所有的会议。

3.[C]（大学的）系主任

③consensus 

n.[C，U]共同意见，一致看法，共识

例：reach a consensus达成共识；词根 sens“感觉”，如：sense n.感官，知觉，意义，判断力；con前缀，表示“共同”，如：concentric a.同中心的，confederate a.结盟的，同盟的v.结盟，联合n.同盟者，同盟国

④impose 

vt.

1.实施（禁令），征收（税款、罚款），推行（法令）等

例：The government imposed a ban on the sale of ivory.政府禁止买卖象牙。

2.to force sb/sth to deal with sth unpleasant or difficult迫使，把……强加于

例：The system imposes additional financial burdens on many people.这个制度给很多人增加了额外的经济负担。

3.迫使（别人）接受自己的想法、信仰等

⑤nuclei n.（nucleus的复数）

1.（原子）核

2.细胞核

3.a small，important group at the centre of a larger group or organization核心，中心

例：the nucleus of an effective team高效团队的核心；其他一些外来名词的复数变化：um/on→a，如：datum（数据，资料）→data，medium（媒介，媒体）→media，bacterium（细菌）→bacteria，curriculum（课程，大纲）→curricula，criterion（标准）→criteria，phenomenon（现象）→phenomena；is→es，如：analysis（分析）→analyses，basis（基础，基本）→bases，crisis（危机）→crises，diagnosis（诊断）→diagnoses

⑥panel

n.[C]

1.（门、墙、栅栏等的）镶板，嵌板；窗玻璃片

*2.（由选定人员组成的）专门小组，专题讨论小组例：a panel of experts专家小组

3.（汽车、飞机、船等的）仪表盘/控制板 

⑦.preface 

n.[C]*an introduction at the beginning of a book or speech（书的）序言，前言；（演讲的）开场白

vt.

1.为…写序言（用~sth with sth）

2.作为…的开端，作为…的开场白

例：She prefaced her talk with an apology/by apologizing for being late.她先为迟到表示歉意，然后开始讲话。

⑧.stem 

n.[C]1.（植物的）茎；梗

2.（葡萄酒杯、花瓶等的）颈，柄，脚

3.词干（如driving和driven中的driv）

vt.阻止（液体的流动），堵住，封堵，遏制

例：stem the tide/flow of阻止……的扩散，遏制……的发展

[短语搭配]*stem from sth[不用进行式] to develop as a result of sth else 源于…，来自…；.由……发生

例：Most of the difficulties stemmed from poor workmanship.困难大多是由于工艺差造成的。

超纲词汇：

embryo n.胚胎；

husbandry n.农牧业

三、阅读答案：B C D A

四、全文翻译：

       三个月前，当一个苏格兰研究小组宣布他们克隆了一只成年绵羊时，世界为之震惊，克林顿总统迅速做出反应。他宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止联邦资金用于此类实验——尽管还没有人提议要那样做——并要求一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德·夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在九十天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议，向白宫汇报。（长难句①）这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”（NBAC）的小组一直在非常积极地工作，集思广益，并诉诸笔端；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。

      NBAC将要求克林顿总统禁止联邦资金用于克隆人的九十天禁令无限期地延长，并且还可能要求将之立法。（长难句②）但是，NBAC成员们正计划在建议的措辞上更为严谨，以避免给克隆人体DNA或细胞等研究带来更多的限制——（这属于）分子生物研究中的常规课题。然而，该小组尚未在一个关键问题上达成一致，即是否建议立法机关将私人资金用于克隆人的行为法定为犯罪。（长难句③）

     在5月17日会议上讨论的建议序言草案中，夏皮罗表示，专家组已取得广泛的共识，认为“试图利用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿将是违背道德伦理的”。（长难句④）夏皮罗解释说在与会期间，道德上的怀疑主要源于对婴儿健康的担忧。随后，该小组非正式地接受了几项概括性的结论，尽管有些细节尚无定论。

    NBAC计划呼吁继续禁止为任何企图利用人体细胞核去制造婴孩的做法提供联邦政府基金资助。因为现行的联邦法律已经禁止联邦基金用于制造研究用的胚胎（人类后代出生前的最早阶段）或有意识地危及胚胎的生命，所以NBAC在胚胎研究这一问题上将保持沉默。

    NBAC的成员明确表示，他们将呼吁受私人基金资助的研究人员和诊所不要尝试通过人体细胞核转移来克隆人。但他们在是否进一步要求联邦立法强令完全禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧。夏皮罗和大多数委员赞成将此立法，但在电话采访中，他透露这一议题仍“悬而未决”。（佳句）