K400V2S03S2Q1-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. 

Arts/archaeology

graphic / codex / pictographs 

中美洲的象形文字符号体系

①The graphic element of Mesoamerican codex writing appears as figural representations, icons and symbols that signify thought, ideas, and imagery rather than visible speech. ②Although ancient Mexicans designated some symbols to voice specific words, their larger graphic system did not correspond directly with spoken language. ③Because the symbols did not replicate any single linguistic system, speakers of various languages could translate the pictographs into their own respective tongues. ④Readers evaluated a combination of naturalistic images, pictorial conventions, and abstract symbols recorded within an organized structure. ⑤By knowing the basic conventions and the meanings of the symbols and recognizing their general arrangement, readers interpreted the pictographic messages. ⑥Precise reading orders are not always set, however; thus, different readings and interpretations remain possible.

中美洲古籍中的图形元素看起来是代表思想、观点、意象而非文字的象征性图标和符号。尽管古墨西哥人设计了一些符号来表达特定的词汇，他们的图形系统却并不直接和口头语言匹配。因为符号并不复制任何一种单一的语言体系，使用不同语言的人可以把这种图像文字翻译成各自的语言。阅读者评估这些结构化的自然图形、图像和抽象符号的组合。人们通过一些基本的共识、符号的含义和符号的摆列来解读这些象形文字传递的信息。然而，没有什么特定的阅读顺序，因此，不同的阅读方式也会带来不同的解读。

生词摘录：

graphic 视觉的，图形的，生动的

Mesoamerican 中美洲

codex 古籍

figural 象征的

1. According to the passage, which of the following is true regarding the symbols of the Mesoamerican codex graphic system?

细节题 中

B

A. Some of the symbols represent multiple concepts. 没有multiple的证据

B. Some of the symbols correspond with particular words. 符合第二句信息

C. Most of the symbols originate from a single spoken language. 相反。与第三句信息不符。

D. The symbols were primarily made up of abstract images. 没有primarily的证据

E. The individual symbols were hard to translate because their arrangement varied. 相反。不是因为组合多样而难翻译，而是读法不固定所以理解也不固定。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

2. It can be inferred from the passage that the nature of the Mesoamerican codex graphic system enabled which of the following?

细节题 推断题 中

AB

A. The sharing of the system among speakers of different languages 符合第五句信息。

B. The visible representation of different language systems 符合第三句信息

C. The changing of the system’s conventions by speakers of different languages 没有changing的证据

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage

Arts/history

Ming period / maritime ban 

明朝禁海令的原因

①During the Early and Middle Ming periods in China (1368-1522), most private maritime enterprise was outlawed as piracy by the imperial government. ②The result was armed conflict between private traders and government forces as well as a gap in the supply of Chinese export wares into the overseas market during the Early Ming period. ③It is tempting to envision the tension between the private traders and the imperial government during the Early and Middle Ming periods as a conflict between two ideologies: an entrepreneurial spirit versus an agrarian society's conservative Confucian cosmology that despised commerce and material indulgence.  ④A careful examination of the historical events within the empires however, reveals that this binary view would be an oversimplification, since the tension likely created factions within the Ming bureaucracy.  ⑤For instance Governor Zhu Wan's handed crackdown on Shuangyu Island (the hub of middle Ming period international piracy) seems to have damaged the commercial interests of so many powerful players in the Ming bureaucracy that they were able to impeach him (after which he committed suicide). ⑥Archaeological evidence indicates that there was a flood of Chinese black-and-white porcelain to the overseas market after 1488.  ⑦In contrast, an account written by Cui Bo, a Korean scholar official who was shipwrecked on the coast of Ningbo reveals no signs of a relaxation of the maritime ban at the level of coastal defense.  ⑧One can conjecture that those responsible for enforcing the maritime ban probably benefited from turning a blind eye to illicit trade under their jurisdiction. 

中国明代早期和中期的海运被视为违法的海盗行为。导致的结果就是政府和民间的武装冲突以及明代早期海上货物出口的缺失。政府和民间的冲突主要是由于两种意识形态之间的冲突：重农轻商。但是对历史事件的仔细研究后发现，这种观点过于简化，因为这种冲突可能产生了不同的官僚派系。比如当时明朝大臣朱纨打双屿岛就触碰了各方利益，导致最后被弹劾身死。考古证据表明1488年之后有一批瓷器流出海外。与此相反，一位在宁波口岸沉船的韩国官员的一份记录中并未发现取消禁海令的信号。可以推测，尽管有禁海令存在，有人仍然可以通过在自己管辖范围内放任非法海运从而获利。

3. The primary purpose of the passage is to

功能题 主旨题 中

文章对于明朝禁海令现象进行了讨论。

B

A. describe the tension between two ideologies 描述两种意识形态间的冲突。并不是仅仅描述了冲突，不是说明文。

B. analyze the nature of a historical antagonism 分析一种历史上对立现象的本质。符合

C. question the relevance of certain evidence 质疑特定证据的相关性。不对。

D. reveal the inconsistencies of a popular theory 表明一个大众理论的不合理。干扰项，没有popular的证据

E. defend the importance of historical research 为一个历史研究辩护。相反。是一篇驳论文，不是立论文。

4. The author mentions “two ideologies” primarily in order to

功能题 目的题 中

信息目的找服务的对象。文中提出这两种意识形态是为了给出解释，但是后来又被认为是oversimplification

D

A. contrast the popular beliefs of a particular time period in Chinese history 信息本身是做了对比，但是不是这个信息的目的。

B. identify the main source of tension between two groups of people 后来发现并不是main source

C. describe the economic and geopolitical context of a historical event 很接近正确答案，但是这仍然是信息本身，而非目的。

D. mention a plausible but ultimately inadequate explanation for a phenomenon 符合文章论证过程

E. refute a widely held view about the consequences of a conflict 不是在反驳某个观点。

5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

结构题 易

文章先描述了明朝的禁海现象，给出一个解释，然后讨论了这个解释的不足。

D

A. A conflict is described and some of its ramifications are explored. 不符。

B. A hypothesis is proposed and the credibility of the evidence typically used to support it is questioned. 相反。文中举的朱纨的例子是用来支持反对观点的。

C. A phenomenon is considered and the accounts of the historical events surrounding it are discussed. 讨论一个现象，然后描述和这个现象的相关史实。这个选项里只有事实，没有观点。

D. A view is presented and an argument that suggests its deficiency is given. 符合

E. A controversy is explained and the strengths and weaknesses of both sides are considered. 没有优劣势的证据

生词摘录：

porcelain 瓷器

antagonism 敌对，敌意

ramification 影响，后果

Question 6 is based on this passage.

Sciences/biology

seeds / coats / germinate

人工种植下薄壳种子更有优势

Seeds of wild plants generally have thick coats that allow them to survive in the ground until the next growing season. But with domesticated plants, seeds are not sown until the growing season begins. Accordingly, within a given domesticated species, plants with thinner-coated seeds which germinate more quickly are advantaged, since quicker germination enables a plant to shade out its slower neighbor, thereby increasing its likelihood of surviving to harvest and contributing seeds to the next planting.

野生植物通常有厚厚的外壳保护，使种子可以存活到下一个生长季。但是人工种植下，种子直到下个生长季才会播种。因此，一个特定的人工种植品种，种子的外壳如果薄一些，就能比其他种子更容易发芽，从而更容易存活并产生新的种子。

6. The information given, if accurate, provides the strongest justification for which of the following claims?

逻辑单题 逻辑支持 难

事实=原因=论据=薄壳种子更容易发芽

观点=结果=论点=薄壳种子有生存优势

本质是个推断题。

D

A. In the wild, a plant gains no reproductive advantage if its seeds germinate before the seeds of other plants. 在野外，种子如果早发芽没有繁殖优势。

B. The relative thickness of the coat of the seeds of two species of domesticated plants reliably indicates which of the plants will grow more quickly. 外壳薄一点生长也快一点。干扰项，跟生长快不快没有关系，不要加论证框架以外的信息。

C. A wild plant such as Chiltepin, whose seeds have extremely thick coats that ensure that they survive the digestive systems of animals, will be at disadvantage compared to a wild plant whose seed coats protect only against cold. 壳厚不怕动物吃，但是不御寒。

D. The cache of Chenopodium seeds found at 3,500-year-old cave dwelling, whose coats are significantly thinner than those of Chenopodium known to have grown wild then, supports the hypothesis that the plant had been domesticated by that time. 一个3500年前的薄壳种子表明那时候有人工种植。用一个新的证据支持在一个人工种植的情况下，种子就是比野生的薄。可以验证。

E. The one of two seeds of the same domesticated species has a thicker coat than the other is evidence that the seed with the thicker coat came from a plant grown in the colder climate. 壳的薄厚与气温高低建立关系。推不出来。

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage

Arts/literature

women writer / historical writing 

19世纪前的女性历史写作

①Isobel Grundy rightly argues that in researching pre-nineteenth-century women’s historical writing, scholars must define history broadly and include historical fiction, biography, court memoirs, and family history. ②Grundy also believes that these writings provide “a history of a whole female culture,” while embodying a pre-nineteenth-century “feminine” relationship to history. ③On this point, I am skeptical, as I do not believe there was a characteristic women's relationship to history. ④Instead, my research suggests that pre-nineteenth-century British women writers engagement with historical discourse depended on such things as their political commitments and class affiliations and their perceptions of developing historical genres and markets.⑤We must give sufficient attention to the myriad individual authors and texts before generalizing widely about women writers' engagements with history. 

IG说，要研究19世纪前的女性历史著作，首先要给历史一个大体上的定义，并且把历史小说、传记、法庭记录和家族历史包括进来。G还说，这些作品提供了一个完整女性文化的历史，体现了19世纪前女性与历史的关联。但是对此我表示怀疑，我并不认为这里存在什么典型的关联。相反，我的研究表明，19世纪前的英国女性作家的历史论述依赖于她们的政治立场和阶级归属，以及她们对于发展历史体裁和市场的看法。在笼统概括女性历史写作之前，我们必须给予大量作者和作品足够的关注。

生词摘录：

affiliation 联系，从属，归属

7. The passage implies that its author would agree with which of the following statements about "historical fiction, biography, court memoirs, and family history”? 

态度题 易

IG说了两点，作者不同意的是第二点。

C

A. These genres had their origins primarily among pre-nineteenth-century British women writers. 这些体裁的来源主要是19世纪前英国女性作家。没有证据

B. These genres were probably more reflective of women's views in pre-nineteenth-century Britain than they were in later periods. 没有比较的证据。

C. These genres can help scholars develop a comprehensive view of British women’s historical writing. 符合

D. These genres have generally been regarded by scholars as more reliable sources of information about pre-nineteenth-century women than have other genres of historical writing. 没有比较的证据。

E. These genres are remarkably homogeneous in the way they represent the lives of pre-nineteenth-century women in Britain. 没有homogeneous的证据

8. Which of the following describes a difference between the author and Grundy regarding British women writers engagement with historical discourse? 

细节题 易

主要区别就在第三句。

C

A. The author thinks the engagement was determined primarily in response to developing literary markets; Grundy thinks it had little to do with such markets. 无关

B. The author believes the engagement is reflected in numerous genres; Grundy thinks that one genre is specifically feminine. 相反。G也认为要把更多体裁包括进来。

C. The author emphasizes the heterogeneity of factors that influenced the engagement; Grundy suggests that the engagement was unified by one particular factor. 符合

D. The author thinks the engagement was limited to women in certain social classes; Grundy thinks it was common to all classes. 没有证据

E. The author believes the engagement was just beginning in the late 1700s; Grundy thinks it reached its peak then. 没有时间的证据

Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage

Sciences / astronomy

lunar cataclysm / spherule / radiometric dating

月球灾难的确切时间难以确定

①Scientists have long debated the exact timing of the lunar cataclysm, a period approximately 4 billion years ago when Earth and the Moon were pummeled with asteroids. ②A clue to this puzzle may come from spherules, millimeter-sized droplets of molten rock formed after an asteroid collides explosively with a planet. ③Upon impact, the asteroid vaporizes both itself and the target rock, producing a vapor plume that condenses into spherules. ④These form a layer preserved in rock, whose age can be estimated using radiometric dating. ⑤Scientists know of fourteen of these spherule layers scattered across Earth, but none dates to the theorized lunar cataclysm time period. ⑥Four layers, however, are from between 3.47 and 3.24 billion years ago indicating perhaps a slow decline in collisions.

大概40亿年前，地球和月球被小行星撞击，这段时期被称作月球灾难。科学家们一直在争论月球灾难的准确时间。小行星撞击行星后融化的岩石形成的毫米级的小球体也许可以提供答案。撞击之下，小行星和被撞击的岩石同时气化，形成蒸汽团，凝结成小球体。这些在岩石里形成的一层小球体可以通过放射性估算年龄。科学家们在地球各处发现了14个小球层，但是没有一个跟月球灾难的理论时间吻合。然而，在34亿7千万年到32亿4千万年间的四层表明了撞击的缓慢减少。

生词摘录：

cataclysm 灾难 

spherule 小球体

9. The primary purpose of the passage is to 

功能题 主旨题 易

文章想通过小球体来确定月球灾难的时间，但是仍然不能确定。

D

A. challenge a basic assumption underlying a theory 没有assumption的证据

B. analyze a flaw in a novel approach to a problem 没有flaw的证据

C. describe different processes that could have produced the same phenomenon 没有different processes的证据

D. explain how a class of data might be useful for answering a question 符合

E. outline a theory that may reconcile conflicting interpretations of a phenomenon 没有conflicting interpretations的证据

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

10. Which of the following might plausibly account for the finding in the highlighted sentence? 

有点类似逻辑里的解释题。解释高亮句中的发现（为什么不符合理论时间）

②③句说明，如果撞击会形成小球层。那现在发现的不符合，说明要么符合的还没发现，要么符合的被损坏。最后两句是转折关系。虽然发现的不符合，但是确实有些能够表明那个时期撞击已经在减退了。言下之意是，这个时期之前应该才是撞击高峰期。

AB

A. Spherule layers older than 3.47 billion years exist, but they have not been discovered yet. 存在比34亿7千万年更早的小球层，但是还没有被发现。可能的，因为理论上月球灾难在40亿年前。

B. Spherule layers older than 3.47 billion years once existed, but they have since been destroyed.有可能存在，但是被破坏了。也有可能。

C. Fewer asteroids collided with Earth than with the Moon during the lunar cataclysm. 少不少不影响形成小球层。