词根学习17：cant；lingu；spir；ver；turb

我又回来啦哈哈

工作好辛苦，虽然忙碌充实幸福，但是好辛苦。

努力维持每周末更新一篇就当调剂我的工作（

更到30要开始考虑如何转有声视频了

如果有更多人看会更有动力的～

81『CANT』

CANT, from the Latin verb cantare, meaning "sing," produces several words that come directly from Latin. But some others came to English by way of French, which added an h to the root, giving us such words as chant and chantey.

CANT，来自拉丁语动词cantare，意思是“唱歌”，产生了几个直接来自拉丁语的单词。但也有一些人是通过法语来学习英语的，法语在词根上加了一个h，给了我们诸如chant和chantey之类的词。

cantata   /kænˈtɑːtə/

n.大合唱;康塔塔(常为宗教题材的短小音乐作品，由独唱演员演唱，常有合唱和管弦乐队伴奏)

A musical composition, particularly a religious work from the 17th or 18th century, for one or more voices accompanied by instruments.

一种音乐作品，尤指17或18世纪的宗教作品，用一种或多种声音配以乐器。

Composers of the 18th century composed sacred cantatas by the dozen, and Bach's friend G. P. Telemann actually wrote over a thousand.

18世纪的作曲家创作了十几首神圣的康塔塔，巴赫的朋友G. P. Telemann实际上写了一千多首。

A cantata is sung, unlike a sonata, which is played on instruments only. The most famous cantatas are by Johann Sebastian Bach, who wrote the music for about 200 religious cantatas, using hymns and new religious poems as his texts. His cantatas consisted of several different sections for different voices—solos, duets, and choruses. Some of his nonreligious cantatas have been performed like mini-operas.

康塔塔是演唱的，不像奏鸣曲那样只在乐器上演奏。最著名的康塔塔是由约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫创作的，他用赞美诗和新的宗教诗歌作为文本，为大约200首宗教康塔塔创作了音乐。他的康塔塔由不同声音的几个不同部分组成——独奏、二重奏和合唱。他的一些非宗教的康塔塔像迷你歌剧一样表演。

incantation   /ˌɪnkænˈteɪʃn/

n.咒语;符咒;念咒语

(1) A use of spells or verbal charms spoken or sung as part of a ritual of magic. (2) A formula of words used in, or as if in, such a ritual.

(1) 作为魔术仪式的一部分而使用的咒语或语言符咒。(2) 仪式用语，在这样的仪式或典礼中使用。

He repeated the words slowly over and over like an incantation.

他像咒语一样一遍又一遍地慢慢地重复着这些话。

Incantation comes directly from the Latin word incantare, "enchant." Incantare itself has cantare as a root, which reminds us that magic and ritual have always been associated with chanting and music. Incantations have often been in strange languages; "Abracadabra" is a not-so-serious version of an incantation.

咒语直接来自拉丁语单词incantare，“附魔”。incantare本身以cantare为词根，这提醒我们魔法和仪式一直与吟唱和音乐联系在一起。咒语经常使用奇怪的语言；“Abracadabra”是一个不那么严肃的咒语版本。

cantor   /ˈkæntɔːr/

n.(犹太教会堂和教堂唱诗班的)领唱

An official of a Jewish synagogue who sings or chants the music of the services and leads the congregation in prayer.

犹太会堂的一名官员，他唱仪式的音乐，并带领会众祈祷。

The congregation waited for the cantor to begin the prayers before joining in.

会众等着唱诗的人开始祈祷，然后才加入进来。

The cantor is, after the rabbi, the most important figure in a Jewish worship service. A cantor not only must possess an excellent singing voice but also must know by heart long passages of Hebrew. Cantors such as Jan Peerce and Richard Tucker became international opera stars. The comedian and singer Edward Israel Iskowitz renamed himself Eddie Cantor for his original profession and became enormously popular on stage, screen, radio, and television for over 40 years.

在犹太教礼拜仪式中，唱诗班是仅次于拉比（犹太教经师或神职人员）的最重要的人物。一个唱诗的人不仅要有一副好嗓子，还要熟记希伯来语的长段。简·皮尔斯和理查德·塔克等演员成为国际歌剧明星。喜剧演员兼歌手Edward Israel Iskowitz因其最初的职业而改名为Eddie Cantor，并在舞台、屏幕、广播和电视上大受欢迎了40多年。

descant   /ˈdeskænt/

n.高于主音的旋律

v.详谈；唱歌

An additional melody sung above the principal melody.

在主旋律之上演唱的附加旋律。

The soprano added a soaring descant to the final chorus that held the listeners spellbound.

女高音在最后的合唱中加入了高亢的高音，使听众听得入迷。

The prefix des-, meaning "two" or "apart," indicates that the descant is a "second song" apart from the main melody. In popular songs a descant will often be sung at the very end to produce a thrilling climax.

前缀des-，意思是“两首”或“分开”，表示词尾是主旋律之外的“第二首歌”。在流行歌曲中，往往会在歌曲的最后演唱这么一段，以达到激动人心的高潮。

82『LINGU』

LINGU comes from the Latin word that means both "tongue" and "language," and in English today tongue can still mean "language" (as in "her native tongue"). Our expression "slip of the tongue" is just a translation of the Latin phrase lapsus linguae. The root even shows up in a slangy-sounding word like lingo. And since lingu- changed to langu- in French, our word language is related as well.

LINGU来自拉丁语，意思是“舌头”和“语言”，在今天的英语中，舌头仍然可以表示“语言”（如“她的母语”）。我们所说的“口误”只是拉丁语短语lapsus linguae的翻译。词根甚至出现在一个听起来像俚语的行话中。既然法语中的lingu变成了langu，单词language也相应联系。

linguistics   /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks/

n.语言学(linguistic的复数)

The study of human speech.

对人类语言的研究。

The new speechwriter, who had majored in linguistics, was soon putting his knowledge of the deceptive tricks of language to good use.

这位新来的演讲稿撰写人主修语言学，很快就很好地利用了他对语言欺骗性技巧的了解。

Any analysis of language, including 8th-grade grammar, can be called linguistics. As recently as 200 years ago, ordinary grammar was about the only kind of linguistics there was. Today a linguist may be a person who learns foreign languages, but the term usually refers to people who devote themselves to analyzing the structure of language. Many linguists concentrate on the history of a language; others study the way children learn to speak; others analyze the sounds of a language—and still others just study English grammar, a subject so big that you could easily spend your entire life on it.

任何对语言的分析，包括八年级的语法，都可以称为语言学。就在200年前，普通语法还是语言学中唯一的一种。今天，语言学家可能是学习外语的人，但这个词通常指致力于分析语言结构的人。许多语言学家专注于一种语言的历史；其他人研究孩子们学习说话的方式；其他人分析一种语言的发音，还有一些人只是学习英语语法，这是一门非常大的学科，你可以很容易地把一生都花在它上。

multilingual   /ˌmʌltiˈlɪŋɡwəl/

adj.说多种语言的

Using or able to use several languages.

使用或能够使用几种语言。

She soon discovered that he was truly multilingual, fluent in not only the German and Polish he had grown up speaking but in English and Arabic as well.

她很快发现，他真的会说多种语言，不仅能流利地说他从小说的德语和波兰语，还能流利地说英语和阿拉伯语。

The roots of multilingual come from Latin. If you happen to prefer Greek, use the synonym polyglot, in which poly- has the same meaning as multi-, and -glot means the same thing as -lingual. The best way to become multilingual is probably to be born in a bilingual (two-language) household; learning those first two seems to give the mind the kind of exercise that makes later language-learning easy.

多语言的根源来自拉丁语。如果你碰巧更喜欢希腊语，可以使用polygot这个同义词，其中poly-与multi-意思相同，-glot与-lingual意思相同。掌握多语言的最佳途径可能是出生在一个双语家庭；在最开始同时学习2个母语，似乎能给大脑一种锻炼，让以后的语言学习变得容易。

lingua franca   /ˌlɪŋɡwə ˈfræŋkə/

n.(母语不同的人共用的)通用语;

A language used as a common or commercial language among peoples who speak different languages.

一种在讲不同语言的人之间用作共同语言或商业语言的语言。

That first evening in Tokyo, she heard English being spoken at the next table, and realized it was serving as a lingua franca for a party of Korean and Japanese businessmen.

在东京的第一个晚上，她听到邻桌正在说英语，意识到这是韩日商人聚会的通用语。

In the Middle Ages, the Arabs of the eastern Mediterranean referred to all Europeans as Franks (the name of the tribe that once occupied the land we call France). Since there was plenty of Arab-European trade, the traders in the Mediterranean ports eventually developed a trading language combining Italian, Arabic, and other languages, which almost everyone could more or less understand, and it became known as the "Frankish language," or lingua franca. Some languages actually succeed in becoming lingua francas without changing much. So, when the Roman empire became vast and mighty, Latin became the important lingua franca; and at a meeting between Japanese and Vietnamese businesspeople today, English may well be the only language spoken.

在中世纪，东地中海的阿拉伯人称所有欧洲人为弗兰克斯人（Franks是曾经占领过法国的部落）。由于有大量的阿拉伯-欧洲贸易，地中海港口的贸易商最终发展出了一种结合了意大利语、阿拉伯语和其他语言的贸易语言，几乎每个人都或多或少能理解，它被称为“法兰克语”或通用语。事实上，有些语言在没有太大变化的情况下成功地成为了通用语言。因此，当罗马帝国变得强大时，拉丁语成为了重要的通用语；今天，在日本和越南商界人士的一次会议上，英语很可能是唯一的语言。

linguine   /lɪŋ’gwini/

n.意大利面;意大利扁面条

A narrow, flat pasta.

窄而扁平的意大利面。

As a test of her clients' table manners, she would serve them challenging dishes and watch to see how gracefully they could handle chopsticks or deal with long, slithery linguine.

为了测试客户的餐桌礼仪，她会为他们端上富有挑战性的菜肴，并观察他们如何优雅地用筷子以及如何处理又长又滑的意大利面。

The modern language closest to Latin is Italian, and the Italian word linguine means literally "little tongues." Linguine is only one of the types of pasta whose names describes their shapes. Others include spaghetti ("little strings"), fettuccine ("little ribbons"), penne ("little quills"), orzo ("barley"), farfalle ("butterflies"), vermicelli ("little worms"), capellini ("little hairs"), fusilli ("little spindles"), and radiatori ("little radiators"). If you're thinking about learning Italian, you could make a good start by just visiting an Italian restaurant.

最接近拉丁语的现代语言是意大利语，意大利语单词linguine的字面意思是“小舌头”。linguine只是名称描述其形状的意大利面之一。其他意大利面条还包括spaghetti（“小细绳”）、fettuccine（“小丝带”）、penne（“小羽毛”）、orzo（“大麦”）、farfalle（“蝴蝶”）、粉丝（“小虫子”）、capellini（“小头发”）、fusili（“小纺锤”）和radiatori（“小散热器”）。如果你正在考虑学习意大利语，你可以先去一家意大利餐厅。

83『SPIR』

SPIR comes from the Latin words meaning "breath" and "breathe." When we inspire others—that is, give them inspiration—it's as though we're breathing new energy and imagination into them. When you expire, or die, you "breathe out" your soul in your last breath. A license, membership, credit card, or free offer may also expire, at a time indicated by its expiration date.

SPIR来自拉丁语，意思是“呼吸”。当我们激励他人——也就是说，给他们灵感——就好像我们在给他们注入新的能量和想象力。当你死后，你会在最后一口气“呼出”你的灵魂。许可证、会员资格、信用卡或免费优惠也可能在到期日指定的时间到期。

spirited   /ˈspɪrɪtɪd/

adj.坚定的;精神饱满的;勇猛的

v.偷偷带走;让人不可思议地弄走

Full of energy or courage; very lively determined.

充满活力或勇气的；非常活泼果断。

The team put up a spirited defense, but they were doomed from the start.

这支球队进行了顽强的防守，但他们从一开始就注定要失败。

You may see spirited used to describe a conversation, a debate, a horse, or a campaign. And it often shows up in such words as high-spirited ("bold and energetic"), mean-spirited ("spiteful"), and public-spirited ("generous to a community"), all of which reflect the original meaning of spirit, a notion much like "soul" or "personality."

你可能会看到spirited被用来描述一场对话、一场辩论、一匹马或一场竞选。它经常出现在意气风发（“大胆而充满活力”）、吝啬（“恶毒”）和公益（“对群体慷慨”）等词中，所有这些词都反映了精神的原意，这一概念很像“灵魂”或“个性”。

dispiriting   /dɪˈspɪrɪtɪŋ/

adj.令人沮丧的;使人气馁的

Causing a loss of hope or enthusiasm.

失去希望或热情的。

It was terribly dispiriting for them to lose yet another game, and he had to reassure his daughter that she'd actually done a great job as goalie.

他们又输了一场比赛，这让他们非常沮丧，他不得不向女儿保证，她作为守门员确实做得很好。

Lots of things can be dispiriting: a bad job interview, an awful film, a relationship going sour. Maybe for that reason, dispiriting has lots of synonyms: discouraging, disheartening, demoralizing, depressing, etc.

很多事情都会让人沮丧：糟糕的工作面试，糟糕的电影，糟糕的关系。也许是因为这个原因，沮丧有很多同义词：令人沮丧、沮丧、士气低落、沮丧等等。

respirator   /ˈrespəreɪtər/

n.口罩;面罩;防毒面具;人工呼吸器

(1) A device worn over the nose and mouth to filter out dangerous substances from the air. (2) A device for maintaining artificial respiration.

(1) 一种戴在鼻子和嘴巴上的装置，用来过滤空气中的危险物质。(2) 维持人工呼吸的装置。

His lungs had been terribly damaged by decades of heavy smoking, and he'd been living on a respirator for the last year.

几十年来，他的肺部因大量吸烟而严重受损，去年他一直靠呼吸器生活。

Respiration means simply "breathing." We usually come across the word in artificial respiration, the lifesaving technique in which you force air into the lungs of someone who's stopped breathing. Respirators can take several different forms. Scuba-diving equipment always includes a respirator, though it doesn't actually do the breathing for the diver. Medical respirators, which are used especially for babies and for emergency care and actually take over the job of getting oxygen into the lungs, are today usually called ventilators, so as to distinguish them from simple oxygen systems (which merely provide a steady flow of oxygen into the nostrils) and face masks.

呼吸的意思只是“呼吸”。我们通常在人工呼吸中遇到这个词，这是一种救生技术，可以迫使空气进入停止呼吸的人的肺部。呼吸器可以有几种不同的形式。水肺潜水设备总是包括一个呼吸器，尽管它实际上并不能为潜水员呼吸。医用呼吸器，特别用于婴儿和急救，实际上负责将氧气输送到肺部，今天通常被称为呼吸机，以区别于简单的氧气系统（仅向鼻孔提供稳定的氧气流）和口罩。

transpire   /trænˈspaɪər/

v.(植物)水分蒸发，蒸腾;发生;透露;公开;为人所知

(1) To happen. (2) To become known.

(1) 发生。(2) 被知道。

We kept up our questioning, and it soon transpired that the boys had known about the murder all along.

我们继续询问，很快就发现男孩们一直都知道这起谋杀案。

Since the prefix trans- means "through", transpire's most literal meaning is something like "breathe through." Thus, the original meaning of the English word—still used today—is to give off a watery vapor through a surface such as a leaf. From there, it came to mean also the gradual appearance of previously secret information, as if leaking out of the pores of a leaf (as in "It transpired that she was not only his employee but also his girlfriend"). And soon it was being used to mean simply "happen" (as in "I wondered what had transpired in the cafeteria at lunchtime”).

由于前缀trans的意思是“通过”，transpire最字面的意思是类似于“通过······来呼吸”。因此，这个至今仍在使用的英语单词的原意是通过树叶等表面释放出水蒸气。从那时起，这也意味着以前的秘密信息逐渐出现，就像从树叶的毛孔里泄漏出来一样（比如“她不仅是他的员工，也是他的女朋友”）。很快，它就被用来表示“发生”（比如“我想知道午餐时间在自助餐厅发生了什么”）。

84『VER』

VER comes from the Latin word for "truth." A verdict in a trial is "the truth spoken". But a just verdict may depend on the veracity, or "truthfulness," of the witnesses.

VER来自拉丁语，意思是“真相”。审判中的判决是“说出的真相”。但公正的判决可能取决于证人的“真实性”。

verify   /ˈverɪfaɪ/

vt.验证;核实;证实;证明;核准;查对

(1) To prove to be true or correct. (2) To check or test the accuracy of.

(1) 证明是真实的或正确的。(2) 检查或检验···的准确性。

It is the bank teller's job to verify the signature on a check.

核对支票上的签名是银行出纳员的工作。

During talks between the United States and the former Soviet Union on nuclear weapons reduction, one big problem was how to verify that weapons had been eliminated. Since neither side wanted the other to know its secrets, verification of the facts became a difficult issue. Because of the distrust on both sides, many doubted that the real numbers would ever be verifiable.

在美国和前苏联关于削减核武器的会谈中，一个大问题是如何核实武器已经被销毁。由于双方都不想让对方知道其秘密，核实事实就成了一个难题。由于双方的不信任，许多人怀疑真实数字是否可以核实。

aver   /əˈvɜːr/

v.断言，坚称;<律>（在陈述诉讼理由时）证明…属实

To state positively as true; declare.

肯定地陈述为真实的；声明。

The defendant averred that she was nowhere near the scene of the crime on the night in question.

被告声称她当晚根本不在犯罪现场附近。

Since aver contains the "truth" root, it basically means "confirm as true." You may aver anything that you're sure of. In legal situations, aver means to state positively as a fact; thus, Perry Mason's clients aver that they are innocent, while the district attorney avers the opposite. If you make such a statement while under oath, and it turns out that you lied, you may have committed the crime of perjury.

由于aver包含“truth”词根，它的基本意思是“确认为true”。你可以断言任何你确信的东西。在法律情形中，断言是指作为事实积极陈述；因此，佩里·梅森的客户断言他们是无辜的，而地方检察官则相反。如果你在宣誓时做出这样的陈述，结果证明你撒谎了，你可能犯了伪证罪。

verisimilitude   /ˌverɪsɪˈmɪlɪtuːd/

n.逼真;貌似真实

(1) The appearance of being true or probable. (2) The depiction of realism in art or literature.

(1) 真实的或可能的表象。(2) 现实主义艺术或文学中对现实主义的描绘。

By the beginning of the 20th century, the leading European painters were losing interest in verisimilitude and beginning to experiment with abstraction.

到20世纪初，欧洲主要画家对逼真失去了兴趣，开始尝试抽象。

From its roots, verisimilitude means basically "similarity to the truth." Most fiction writers and filmmakers aim at some kind of verisimilitude to give their stories an air of reality. They need not show something actually true, or even very common, but simply something believable. A mass of good details in a play, novel, painting, or film may add verisimilitude. A spy novel without some verisimilitude won't interest many readers, but a fantastical novel may not even attempt to seem true to life.

从根源上讲，逼真基本上意味着“与真相相似”。大多数小说作家和电影制作人都以某种逼真为目标，让他们的故事具有真实感。他们不需要展示一些真实的东西，甚至是非常普通的东西，而只是一些可信的东西。戏剧、小说、绘画或电影中大量好的细节可能会增加逼真度。一部没有真实感的间谍小说不会引起很多读者的兴趣，但一部奇幻小说甚至可能不会试图看起来真实。

veracity   /vəˈræsəti/

n.真实性;诚实;真实

(1) Truth or accuracy. (2) The quality of being truthful or honest.

(1) 真实或准确。(2) 诚实的品质。

We haven't been able to check the veracity of most of his story, but we know he wasn't at the motel that night.

我们无法核实他的大部分故事的真实性，但我们知道他当晚不在汽车旅馆。

People often claim that a frog placed in cold water that then is gradually heated will let itself be boiled to death, but the story actually lacks veracity. We often hear that the Eskimo (Inuit) peoples have dozens of words for "snow," but the veracity of the statement is doubtful, since Eskimo languages seem to have no more snow words than English (with flake, blizzard, powder, drift, freezing rain, etc.).In 2009 millions accepted the veracity of the claim that, against all the evidence, the elected president wasn't a native-born American.Not all the "facts" we accept without thinking are harmless.

人们经常声称，把青蛙放在冷水中，然后逐渐加热，它会被煮死，但这个故事实际上缺乏真实性。我们经常听说爱斯基摩人（因纽特人）有几十个单词表示“雪”，但这一说法的真实性令人怀疑，因为爱斯基摩语言中似乎没有比英语更多的雪词（包括雪花、暴雪、粉末、漂移、冻雨等）。2009 年，数以百万计的人接受了这样一种说法，即在证据确凿的情况下，当选总统并非土生土长的美国人。并非所有我们不假思索地接受的“事实”都是无害的。

85『TURB』

TURB comes from the Latin verb turbare, "to throw into confusion or upset," and the noun turba, "crowd" or "confusion." So a disturbance, for example, confuses and upsets normal order or routine.

TURB来自拉丁语动词turbare，“陷入混乱或不安”，以及名词turba，“人群”或“混乱”。因此，例如，骚乱会扰乱正常秩序或日常生活。

turbid   /ˈtɜːrbɪd/

adj.浑浊的;污浊不清的

(1) Thick or murky, especially with churned-up sediment. (2) Unclear, confused, muddled.

(1) 粘稠的或浑浊的，尤指有翻腾的沉淀物的。 (2) 不清楚、疑惑、困惑。

The mood of the crowd was restless and turbid, and any spark could have turned them into a mob.

人群的情绪是不安和浑浊的，任何火花都可能把他们变成暴徒。

The Colorado River in spring, swollen by melting snow from the high mountains, races through the Grand Canyon, turbid and churning. A chemical solution may be described as turbid rather than clear. And your emotions may be turbid as well, especially where love is involved: What did he mean by that glance? Why did she say it like that?

科罗拉多河在春天因高山融化的雪而暴涨，流经大峡谷，浑浊而翻腾。化学溶液可以被描述为混浊而不是清澈。你的情绪也可能是浑浊的，尤其是在涉及爱情的地方：他那一眼是什么意思？她为什么那样说？

perturb   /pərˈtɜːrb/

vt.使不安;使焦虑

To upset, confuse, or disarrange.

搅乱，扰乱。

News of the new peace accord was enough to perturb some radical opponents of any settlements.

新和平协议的消息足以让一些反对任何定居点的激进人士感到不安。

With its per- prefix, perturb meant originally "thoroughly upset," though today the word has lost most of its intense edge. Perturb and perturbation are often used by scientists, usually when speaking of a change in their data indicating that something has affected some normal process. When someone is referred to as imperturbable, it means he or she manages to remain calm through the most trying experiences.

“搅乱”这个词的前缀是per-，最初的意思是“彻底不安”，尽管今天这个词已经失去了大部分强烈的意味。科学家经常使用微扰，通常是在谈到他们的数据变化时，表明某些东西影响了一些正常的过程。当一个人被称为冷静时，这意味着他或她在最艰难的经历中能够保持冷静。

turbine   /ˈtɜːrbaɪn/

n.涡轮;涡轮机;汽轮机

A rotary engine with blades made to turn and generate power by a current of water, steam, or air under pressure.

一种带有叶片的旋转发动机，通过水、蒸汽或空气在压力下的流动来转动和发电。

The power plant used huge turbines powered by water going over the dam to generate electricity.

发电厂使用巨大的涡轮机发电，这些涡轮机由越过大坝的水提供动力。

The oldest and simplest form of turbine is the waterwheel, which is made to rotate by water falling across its blades and into buckets suspended from them. Hero of Alexandria invented the first steam-driven turbine in the 1st century A. D., but a commercially practical steam turbine wasn't developed until 1884; steam turbines are now the main elements of electric power stations. Jet engines are gas turbines. A turbojet engine uses a turbine to compress the incoming air that feeds the engine before being ejected to push the plane forward; a turboprop engine uses its exhaust to drive a turbine that spins a propeller. A wind turbine generates electricity by being turned by the wind; the largest now have vanes with a turning diameter of over 400 feet.

涡轮机最古老、最简单的形式是水轮机，它是通过落在叶片上并进入悬挂在叶片上的水桶中的水来旋转的。亚历山大的英雄在公元1世纪发明了第一台蒸汽轮机，但直到1884年才开发出商业实用的蒸汽轮机；蒸汽轮机现在是发电站的主要部件。喷气发动机是燃气轮机。涡轮喷气发动机使用涡轮压缩进入发动机的空气，然后将其喷出，推动飞机前进；涡轮螺旋桨发动机利用其排气驱动涡轮旋转螺旋桨。风力涡轮机通过风力发电；最大的叶片现在具有超过400英尺的转弯直径。

turbulent   /ˈtɜːrbjələnt/

adj.动荡的;混乱的;湍动的;汹涌的;动乱的;骚乱的;骚动的;猛烈的;混乱而难以控制的

(1) Stirred up, agitated. (2) Stirring up unrest, violence, or disturbance.

(1) 激动。 (2) 煽动动乱、暴力或骚乱。

The huge ocean liner Queen Elizabeth II was never much troubled by turbulent seas that might have sunk smaller boats.

英国女王伊丽莎白二世号大型远洋客轮从未受到可能导致小型船只沉没的汹涌大海的困扰。

Some people lead turbulent lives, and some are constantly in the grip of turbulent emotions. The late 1960s are remembered as turbulent years of social revolution in America and Europe. Often the captain of an airplane will warn passengers to fasten their seatbelts because of upper-air turbulence, which can make for a bumpy ride. El Niño, a seasonal current of warm water in the Pacific Ocean, may create turbulence in the winds across the United States, affecting patterns of rainfall and temperature as well.

有些人过着动荡的生活，有些人则不断地被动荡的情绪所控制。20世纪60年代末是美国和欧洲社会革命的动荡年代。通常，机长会警告乘客系好安全带，因为高空湍流会导致颠簸。厄尔尼诺现象是太平洋的一种季节性暖流，可能会在美国各地的风中产生湍流，影响降雨和温度模式。