英国内战|克伦威尔将查理一世送上断头开---现代世界史的开端
Ⅶ.内战 The Civil Wars
1642 年 8 月 22 日，在诺丁汉附近的原野上，查尔斯国王在凝重的天空下竖起王室战旗，号召所有支持者加入，第一次内战(1642-1646)爆发。那时只有一千多人听命于他，他得到英格兰和威尔士北部及西部的支持。另一方面，议会获得英格兰西南部和伦敦市的强有力支持。许多贵族绅士聚集在国王周围，而议会军由自由民、中产阶级市民和手工艺人组成。牛津和剑桥大学及教会团体站在国王一边，而长老会派教 徒站在议会一边。支持国王者被称为"骑士派"，支持议会者因为留短头发被称为"圆颅派"。
On August 22, 1642 in a field near Nottingham King Charles raised his standard beneath a glowering sky, and bade all his supporters to join him. Thus the First Civil War (1642-46) began. At that time there were scarcely more than a thousand men at his Command. Charles gained the support of the north and west of the country and Wales. Parliament, on the other hand, derived its strongest support from south-east England and London. Many nobles and gentry gathered round the King, while the Parliamentary army was made up of yeoman farmers, middle-class townspeople, and artisans. The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the Church party, were on the side of the King, the Presbyterians on the side of the Parliament. The King’s men were called Cavaliers, and the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads because of their short haircuts.
在第一次主要战斗中，查尔斯军队在埃塞克斯伯爵罗伯特·德福卢克斯的指挥下，在沃里克郡附近的埃及希尔(1642 年)阻止了议会军的进攻。这使查尔斯能在牛津建立指挥部。后来保皇派的运气越来越差，局势开始有利于议会派。国王的年轻侄子鲁伯特亲王在马斯顿沼泽一役中(1644 年)败给奥利弗·克伦威尔的" 铁骑军"，国王因此丢失北方阵地。克伦威尔主要因其在马斯顿沼泽战役中的胜利，当上新模范军总司令。
In the first major battle, Charles’ army held back Parliamentarian troops under Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, at Edgehill near Warwick ( 1642) . This enabled Charles to establish headquarters at Oxford. Thereafter the fortunes of the Royalists began to decline and the tide turned in favour of
the Parliamentarians. Prince Rupert, the King’s young nephew, lost to Oliver Cromwell’s “ Ironsides” cavalry regiment at Marston Moor (1644). So the King lost the north. Largely responsible for victory at Marston Moor, Oliver Cromwell became lieutenant general of the New Model Army.
1645 年 6 月 14 日，费尔法克斯和克伦威尔在纳斯比打败皇室军队，到 1646 年秋季，议会已占领英格兰大部分领土。查尔斯乔装离开牛津，并于 1646 年 5 月 5 日向苏格兰军队投降。1647 年元月，苏格兰在纽卡斯尔把查尔斯交给了议会专员委员会，得到 40 万英镑。 1647 年 2 月，议会把国王转移到北安普敦郡的霍姆比宫。6 月，骑兵旗手威廉· 乔伊斯带领一队骑兵带走国王并把他带到纽马克特。
"暴君、叛徒、杀人犯和人民敌人 "的处死令后，成了英国最有权势的人。
On June 14, 1645, Fairfax and Cromwell destroyed the Royalist army at Nasby, and by autumn 1646 Parliament held most of England. Charles left Oxford in disguise and gave himself up to the Scottish army at Neward on May 5, 1646, In January, 1647, Charles was surrendered by the Scots to the Parliamentary Commissioners at Newcastle for a payment of ￡400,000. In February, 1647, parliament moved the King to Holmby House, Northants. In June, ‘william Joyce, a Cornet of
Horse, with a troop of horse, took possession of the King and brought him to Newmarked.
1647 年 11 月国王逃离军队，逃到怀特岛上的卡里斯布克城堡，与苏格兰人达成一笔交易。苏格兰人在查尔斯劝诱下，在汉密尔顿指挥下支持国王并入侵英格兰，但在普里斯顿被克伦威尔击败(1648 年)。这是第二次内战的开始。1648 年 1 1 月 30 日，议会军抓获国王并 向伦敦进发。查尔斯在一高级法庭受审，被判犯有对王国和议会发动战争之罪，被判死刑，并于 1649 年 1 月 30 日在白厅的宴会宫窗外的绞刑架上被绞死。奥利弗·克伦威尔签发了了"暴君、叛徒、杀人犯和人民敌人 "的处死令后，成了英国最有权势的人。
In November, 1647, the King escaped from the Army to Carisbrook Castle, Isle of Wight, and made a deal with the Scots. Induced by Charles, the Scots rose in his favour under Hamilton, and invaded England, but were defeated by Cromwell at Preston (1548). This was the beginning of the Second Civil War. On November 30, 1648, the Army took possession of the King and advanced on London. Charles was tried by a High Court of Justice, found guilty of having levied war against his kingdom and the Parliament, condemned to death, and executed on a scaffold outside the windows of the Banqueting House at Whitehall on January 30, 1649. Oliver Cromwell, who had signed the death warrant of the royal “Tyrant, Traitor, Murderer and Public Enemy”, became the most powerful man in England.
英国内战又称为清教徒革命。因为国王的敌人主要是清教徒，而支持者主要是主教派成员和天主教徒。 这是议会和国王间的冲突，也是城市中产阶级的经济利益与皇室传统经济利益之间的冲突。城市中产阶级 经济利益刚好与他们的宗教(清教)思想吻合。相应地，皇室传统的经济利益则与圣公会教的宗教信仰结合 在一起。英国内战不仅推翻了英国的封建制度，而且动摇了欧洲封建统治的基础。英国内战通常被看作是现代世界史的开端。
The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution, Because the King’s opponents
were mainly Puritan, and his supporters chiefly Episcopalian and Catholic. It has been seen as a conflict between Parliametn and the King, but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classes coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown’s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.
