英语语法精讲合集 (全面, 通俗, 有趣 | 从零打造系统语法体系)
学语法 - 造句
什么 + 怎么样（subject + predicate）
句子的核心：动作（动词）
① 可以独立完成的动作
主语+不及物动词
He sleeps.
② 有1个动作承受者
主语+单及物动词+宾语
He likes you.
③ 有2个动作承受者
主语+双及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
He teaches you English.
④ 只有1个动作承受者（但需补充）
主语+复杂及物动词+宾语+宾补
He considers you smart.
⑤ 非“动作”
(连)系动词：赋予主语某些附加信息
He is tall.
He looks tall.
It smells nice (主补/表语).
He is in the room.
核心动词：谓语动词
① 可以独立完成动作：不及物动词
② 有1个宾语：单及物动词
③ 有2个宾语：双及物动词
④ 1个宾语，但需补充信息：复杂及物动词
⑤ 非“动作”：系动词
基本句型
① 无需宾语
主语+不及物动词
The rabbit slept.
② 1个宾语，无补充信息
主语+单及物动词+宾语
The rabbit ate a carrot.
③ 2个宾语
主语+双及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
The rabbit gave the wolf a carrot.
④ 1个宾语+补充信息
主语+复杂及物动词+宾语+宾补
The rabbit considered the carrot tasty.
⑤ 赋予信息
主语+系动词+主补/表语
The rabbit is smart.
主谓 I drive.
主谓宾 I have a book.
主谓双宾 I made you a cake.
主谓宾宾补 My mother calls me Juli.
主系表 I am a girl. / I am beautiful.
特殊句型：There be 存在句
表示某物存在于/不存在于某地
- 指单数/不可数/不定代词：There is
There is one exception.
There is ice on the lake.
There is a lot of noise in the street.
There is something wrong.
Is there anybody at home?
- 指复数：There are
There are a lot of problems.
There are some people in the room.
* 非正式口语：复数也可以用 There is
There is some grapes in the fridge.
There is two police men out the door.
- There be 句型的其他形式
There exist(s) / remain(s) ...
There seem(s) to be ...
There exists nothing.
There remain several questions.
There seem to be a lot of problems.
There seems to be a problem.
我的紧身裤上有个洞
There is a hole in my tights. (there = a hole；代词)
Can you pass me the salt there? (there: 那儿；副词)
-There is nothing to do. I'm really bored.
-I got a brain teaser. Do you want to try?
-Why not?
-What is the longest word in the dictionary?
-Er ... Can I google it?
-No.
-Alright. I don't know.
-Smiles, because there is a mile between each 's'.
句子成分
① 主语
② 谓语动词
③ 宾语
④ 补语（主补/宾补）
⑤ 定语（修饰主语/宾语）
⑥ 状语（修饰谓语动词）
⑦ 同位语（再把主语/宾语说一遍）
定语
The little white rabbit ate a large carrot.
The little white（定） rabbit（主） ate（谓） a large（定） carrot（宾）.
状语
The rabbit ate quickly.
同位语
He, an English teacher, eats carrots.
句子类型
① 简单句（simple sentences）
不能再拆的句子
② 并列句/复合句（compound sentences）
句子的简单叠加
③ 复杂句（complex sentences）
句子套娃（主句+从句）
从句：将简单句修改之后，用于充当主句的句子成分
作主语 👉 主语从句
作宾语 👉 宾语从句
作表语 👉 表语从句
作同位语 👉 同位语从句
作定语 👉 定语从句
作状语 👉 状语从句
主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语
The rabbit ate a carrot.
He saw something over there
同一类句子成分可能由不同的词类来充当
词性（词类）
① 名词：表人/物
It is a rabbit.
② 冠词：冠在名词前，说明人/物
It is a rabbit.
③ 代词：替代人/物
I am a rabbit.
④ 形容词：形容人/物
I am a smart person.
⑤ 数词：表数量
I ate two carrots.
⑥ 副词：修饰动词/形容词等
I ate two carrots quickly.
⑦ 介词：表示和其他词的关系
I ate two carrots with chopsticks.
⑧ 叹词：表感叹
Ah, the carrot is tasty!
⑨ 连词：连接词和句
I ate two carrots and a potato, because I was hungry.
⑩ 动词
句子成分不等于词类
谓语动词的“三大本领”
① 动作时间（tense）
现在/过去/将来/过去将来
② 动作状态（aspect）
一般/完成/进行/完成进行
③ 语气（表示动作假设/情感等）（mood）
虚拟/陈述/祈使
①+② = 时间+状态 = 时态*16
虚拟语气：If I were a boy ...
陈述语气：I ate an apple and ...
祈使语气：Sit down, please.
谓语动词发挥作用往往还要借助于助动词
吃过了：have eaten
正在吃：is eating
被吃：is eaten
有能力吃：can eat
有可能吃：might eat
有义务吃：must eat
不吃：do not eat
助动词往往还具有其他身份
非谓语动词
动词在句子中充当谓语 👉 谓语动词
充当其他句子成分 👉 非谓语动词
🐟非谓语动词几乎可以取代所有的从句，从而简化句子；
🐟非谓语动词不再具有表示动作时间、状态、语态、语气的功能， 丧失了谓语动词的“三大本领”
非谓语动词在句子中的不同形式
① 动词不定式
② 现在分词
③ 动名词
④ 过去分词
动词是英语语法的核心
动词的分类
五类谓语动词
① 可以独立完成动作：不及物动词
② 有1个宾语：单及物动词
③ 有2个宾语：双及物动词
④ 1个宾语，但需补充信息：复杂及物动词
⑤ 非“动作”：系动词
及物
需要带物品/人物；
动作有对象（宾语）
实义动词（行为动词）
按动作承受者划分：
- 及物动词
- 完全及物动词（不需要宾补）
- 不完全及物动词（需要宾补）
- 认定动词（consider）
- 使役动词（make）
- 任命动词（elect）
- ......
- 不及物动词
按状态动作划分：
- 动作动词（eat）
- 状态动词（have/feel/own/believe）
系动词：连系主语和主补（表语），实际意义不强
（不及物/状态动词）
助动词：可辅助构成谓语动词
情态动词：往往被视为助动词的一种
非谓语动词/非限定性动词
一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词，表达 “时体气”（Tense/Aspect/Mood）等概念，而句子中的其他动词则必须以非谓语动词的形式出现，无法表达“时体气”。
动词时态
时态：时间+状态
时间
过去 过去将来 现在 将来
🐟 过去将来一般出现在从句中
状态
一般状态：无具体说明的一般情况
进行状态：正在进行 “正在吃”
完成状态：已经完成 “吃掉了”
完成进行状态：先前开始且仍在继续
时间&状态的可能组合
现在/过去/将来/过去将来 进行时
现在/过去/将来/过去将来 完成时
现在/过去/将来/过去将来 完成进行时
现在/过去/将来/过去将来 一般时
英语时态的难点
① 时与态的杂糅
② 动词的时态变位/人称变位
③ 助动词/助动词的变位
④ 与其他语法概念混合（情态动词/否定/被动）
一般现在时
（默认的并未特别指出的动作状态）
形式
+ 动词原形
+ 动词原形 + s（主语为第三人称单数）
用法
① 表达事实/真理
② 表达习惯/重复的动作
③ 表示预计会发生的事
现在进行时
助动词be的变位 + 动词的现在分词（-ing）
be
- 连系动词
- 助动词，构成时态
现在完成时
助动词have的变位 + 动词的过去分词（-ed）
have
- 实义动词
- 助动词，构成时态
过去分词不规则变化：www.YingYuTu.com/bgz
现在完成进行时
have的变位 + been + 动词的现在分词
一般过去时
形式
动词过去式
通常：+ed
不规则变化：www.YingYuTu.com/bgz
过去进行时
助动词be的变位（was/were） + 动词的现在分词（-ing）
现在完成时：动作完成了吗？
一般过去时：动作有没有发生？
过去进行时：
形容词的作用
① 放在名词前，作定语，修饰名词
The new teacher doesn't like me.
② 在句子里当表语
She is beautiful.
③ 在句子中作宾补
Let's paint it blue.
You make me nervous.
形容词的位置
① 多个形容词放在名词前，修饰名词
一般情况：
表达观点、态度的 adj. ➡ 描述事实的 adj. ➡ 类别
a silly fat cat
a wonderful old house
a green wine bottle
a new car factory
描述事实的 adj.
词序并不是完全固定的，通常按照大小、年龄、形状、颜色、来源、材料排列
a small round black leather handbag
② 两个或以上形容词放在名词前面，修饰名词
形容词之间通常用逗号；
an expensive, ill-planned, wasteful project
形容词之间通常用逗号，短 adj. 之间有时省略逗号；
a tall, dark, handsome cowboy
a tall dark handsome cowboy
形容词之间不太用 and 的例外；
a blue and green coat 某物的不同部分
hot and cold drinks 某物的不同种类
a social and political problem
③ 形容词放在句子中当表语
两个或以上的形容词之间，通常在最后一个 adj. 前有 and
He is tall, dark and handsome.
This coat looks warm, classic and expensive.
④ 形容词放在句子中当宾补
顺序位于宾语后面
I'll get the car ready.
Let's paint the kitchen yellow.
副词的类型
① 表示时间
② 表示某事发生或完成的方式
③ 表示地点
④ 表示程度
⑤ 连接短语/句子
副词的位置
连接副词放在句首
However, not everybody agreed.
Next, I want to say something about the future.
Suddenly, the door opened.
时间副词放在句首、句尾
Soon everything will be different.
I couldn't go shopping yesterday so I'll have to go today.
Did you see the game on TV last night?
Put the butter in the fridge at once.
地点副词放在句尾
What are you doing here?
She is sitting at the end of the garden.
A group of reporters were waiting nearby.
Here comes your bus.
方式副词放在句尾
She speaks English well.
She ate quickly.
He shook his head slowly.
I slowly began to feel better again.（弱化副词）
程度副词放在句中
*助动词/情态动词之后；实义动词之前
句中是哪里？
① 副词在谓语前面
I often go to school at 8:00 am.
② 副词在谓语中间（助动词/情态动词后）
She has never written to me.
You can almost see the sea.
He was definitely trying to get into the house.
③ 副词在系动词后面
She is always kind to me.
I look really stupid in front of my friends.
多个副词顺序
方式＞地点＞时间
Tom played well in the match on Saturday.
However, she starts off slowly at the beginning.
副词和否定在一起时
强调否定，副词放在否定前面：
I certainly do not agree.
I really don't like her.
不强调，放在否定后面：
I do not often have headaches.
I don't really like her.
介词
连接单词，显示关系：时间、空间、逻辑等
I'll meet you in the cafe opposite the cinema.
Give that to me.
The bus stops right in front of our house.
The shop is open every day except for Sunday.
① 介词结构（短语）
They first met at a party.
It's a machine for making ice cream.
We were really surprised at what they wrote.
They left the party just before us.
名词/动词/形容词/副词 + 介词 + 名词/动词 ing/句子
Allen is very good at languages.
I'm not good at cooking.
看固定搭配
根据介词本身的意思
地点：above, beside, on, behind, in, in front of, below, over, under;
out, between, around, along, across, down, up;
to, away from, past, into, onto, off, at, beneath, beyond, by, inside, near, opposite, through, toward,
underneath, against, among
时间：after, around, at, before, between, during, from, on, until, in, since, for, within
方向：at, for, on, to, in, into, onto, between
方式：by, on, in, like, with
at 时间点；年龄；一段时间
He starts work at 10 am, and finishes at 6:30 pm.
Many children leave school at 16.
They leave the front-door light on at night.
on 日期；（包括复数）
We meet on Tuesday.
We moved into this house on 25 October 1987.
The office is closed on Fridays.
The children stayed at their grandmother's on Friday night.
in 一天中的某段时间；月；年；季节；长段时间
I'll come and see you in the morning for a cup of coffee, okay?
We usually go camping in July.
The house was built in 1835.
The church was built in the 13th century.
The garden is wonderful in the spring when all the flowers come out.
The baby kept crying in the night / evening.
I got a card from my sister this morning.
I hope to go to Europe next summer.
We never go away at the New Year.
On New Year's Day, the whole family gets together.
I always work best in the morning.
It happened on a beautiful summer's evening.
It's not safe to travel at night.
I was awake in the night, thinking about all the things that have happened.
You'll see the school on your left.
I don't like it when the cat jumps onto my lap.
You don't have to shout at me.
The older girls used to throw stones at me.
I'll send it by email.
Tom should be on the six o'clock train.
Her parents always talk to her in German.
Don't look at me like that.
I don't like tea with milk.
*一个特别的介词 to
用作介词
Does he want to come to the park with us?
I look forward to hearing from you.
用作不定式
I need to leave early today.
We tried to explain.
This delicious dessert is easy to make.
*介词结构做表语
The apple is on the table.
I am from China.
The sun rises.
The sun rises in the morning.
The sun rises in the east in the morning.
The lady in a red coat is walking down the street and coming toward me at this moment.
副词、介词结构常常在句中作状语
of - 介词中的难点
介词 + 名词/动名词/句子
① 表示所有格
A of B → B的A 名词类
The color of his tie matches his suit.
Can't you throw out that old bike of Tom's?
♥ a song by Jay Chou (周杰伦的一首歌)
The policeman is a friend of mine.
She's a friend of my father('s).
I met another boyfriend of Lucy's yesterday.
My work is no business of yours.
The door of the building is open.
's 用于人、动物、组织、国家
② 表示数量
a cup of coffee
a bunch of bananas 一串
several bags of sugar
millions of dollars
two kilos of salt
Some of my best friends are computer scientists.
Most of the new workers in the country are from Turkey.
All of us are hoping for good news.
③ 固定搭配
He's always been frightened of spiders.
Have you ever heard of the poet T.S. Eliot?
He died of a heart attack.
④ 难点（根据语境判断）
The 2003 invasion of Iraq (by America) lasted from 20th March to 1st May 2003.
The financial investment of the company is buying real estate. 该公司的金融投资是买房产。
The financial investment of the company cost most of my money. 对这家公司的金融投资花掉了我大部分钱。(Investing in the company cost most of my moeny.)
1、五大基本句型的否定
don't / doesn't / didn't / hasn't / haven't / hadn't
①主谓宾
用not 否掉谓语－形成助动词
②主谓
用not 否掉谓语
③主谓双宾
用not 否掉谓语
④主谓宾宾补
用not 否掉谓语
⑤主系表
• am的否定— am not
• is的否定—’s not 和 isn’t
• are的否定—are not 和 aren’t
• there be的否定
2、not at all — 一种强调: 完全不
3、not 和no的使用
no＋名词；not用于其它
4、否定副词—＊否定词在句首，引发倒装。
