K400V2S04S2Q1-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.   

Arts/music

jazz / Black music / ragtime 

爵士乐的起源

①In their zeal to narrate a single, teleological jazz tradition, early scholars studying Black music, and most subsequent historians, understood the progress of jazz along a certain contour: birth, development, and ideal form (usually the 1940s jazz style bebop). ②Most scholars in the twenty-first century still contend that jazz is a music that is rooted in specific discernible qualities (e.g., improvisation, swing, group play) and instrumentation (e.g., horns, piano, string bass, and drums). ③In this telling, the style known as ragtime is a precursor to later, more developed jazz styles. ④While many do see ragtime, like the blues, as a necessary ingredient of jazz, writers rarely examine it on its own merits, much less take account of its own historical circumstances. 

为了描述一种爵士传统，早期研究黑人音乐的学者和后来的大部分历史学家通过起源、发展和理想形式来理解爵士乐的演变。21世纪的大部分学者仍然认为爵士乐源于特定可识别的音乐特性（即兴创作，摇摆乐，乐队形式）和乐器（号，钢琴，贝斯，鼓）。在这种描述下，散拍乐可以作为后来爵士风格的前身。虽然很多人认为散拍乐和蓝调都是爵士的重要部分，作曲家很少从其自身检验，更不会考虑历史背景。

1. The primary function of the first sentence of the passage is to  

功能题 目的题 中

第一句引出背景，描述讨论话题。文中出现不同观点。

B

A. present an opinion regarding early scholars studying Black music that the author will dispute 没有dispute

B. identifying a perspective on Black music that may need to be reconsidered. 符合

C. examine a controversial view about the origins of Black music. 没有controversial的证据

D. point to the influence of early scholars studying Black music on later historians of jazz. 没有influence的证据

E. explain why a particular view regarding Black music has recently become prevalent. 没有解释这个原因

2. The author implies which of the following about the “specific discernible qualities”? 

细节题 推断题 易

A

A. They may not all be constitutive features of ragtime. 符合。散拍乐是前身

B. They have in recent decades become less prominent in jazz. 没有变化的证据

C. They are the result of jazz’s influence on their musical forms. 没有influence的证据

D. They were rarely used in 1940s jazz styles. 没有用的所少的证据

E. They have been overlooked by many jazz scholars. 没有overlook的证据

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage

Sciences/sedimentology

Lake Tokotan / sand layers / deposition 

湖内沙层形成的原因

This passage is adapted from material published in 2002.  

①Three core samples taken from different locations on the bed of Lake Tokotan consist mainly of organic-rich clay but also contain two sand layers at a depth indicating deposition in the seventeenth century. ②The coastal freshwater lake is replenished entirely by rainfall and surface seepage, and the absence of river inflow eliminates fluvial deposition as a possible origin for the sand layers. ③The sand layers are thicker on the lake’s seaward side, suggesting landward transport of the sand at the time of its deposition. ④In these layers, the diatoms (algae with glasslike cell walls) are very rare and in a fragmented state, suggesting their deposition by strong currents. ⑤In sum, then, the most probable explanation for the sand layers is that they were deposited either by unusually large storm surges or else by tsunamis (i.e., tidal waves). ⑥It is difficult to distinguish tsunami deposits from storm-surge deposits. ⑦But Lake Tokotan is protected by a sand barrier and connected to the sea by a shallow, narrow outlet, and the velocities of the current through this narrow entrance during a storm surge are unlikely to be strong enough to transport sand and gravel far into the lake. ⑧It can be inferred, therefore, that the sand layers were deposited by tsunami waves that overtopped and caused severe erosion of the sand. 

在托科坦湖床上不同位置采集的三个岩芯样品主要由富含有机质的粘土组成，但也包含两个砂层，其深度表明沉积于17世纪。沿海淡水湖完全由降雨和地表渗漏补充，没有河流流入消除了河流沉积作为沙层来源的可能。湖向海一侧的沙层更厚，表明在沉积时沙粒向陆地移动。在这些层中，硅藻(具有玻璃状细胞壁的藻类)非常罕见，而且处于破碎状态，这表明它们是由强洋流沉积的。 总之，对于沙层最可能的解释是，它们要么是由异常大的风暴潮，要么是由海啸(即潮汐波)沉积下来的。 区分海啸沉积和风暴潮沉积是很困难的。 但是托科坦湖被一个沙障保护着，有一个浅而狭窄的出口与大海相连，在风暴潮期间，通过这个狭窄入口的水流的速度不太可能强大到把沙子和砾石输送到湖里很远的地方。 因此，可以推断，沙层是由海啸海浪覆盖并造成严重侵蚀的沙子沉积下来的。

3. The author of the passage refers to the diatoms’ fragmented state most likely in order to 

功能题 目的题 易

通过硅藻的状态发现由强洋流沉积。

B

A. show that the sand layers were probably deposited by the same mechanism as the surrounding sediments 没有surrounding sediments的证据

B. suggest the nature of the mechanism that created the sand layers 符合

C. acknowledge the possibility that the normal mechanism of replenishment could account for the sand layers 没有normal mechanism的证据

D. confirm that the sand layers were deposited in a landward rather than in a seaward direction 无关。这是上一句的信息。信息目的优先找句内关系。

E. support the assumption that the sand layers had similar causes to each other 没有similar causes的证据。

4. Regarding the different effects of storm surges and tsunamis, it can be inferred that the author would most likely agree with which of the following? 

态度题 中

看选项知答题信息来自最后两句。

E

A. A tsunami is likely to have more effect on Lake Tokotan than a severe storm surge would, because the velocities of the current in the lake’s outlet to the sea would be greater during a tsunami. 与最后一句信息不符。最后说道海啸海浪会overtop

B. The diatoms in sand layers deposited by tsunamis will typically be more fragmented than those in sand layers deposited by strong storm surges. 没有沙层fragmented的证据。或者无关，fragmented的是硅藻

C. In the region of Lake Tokotan over a period of several centuries, the amount of coastal erosion caused  by tsunamis will typically be greater than that caused by storm surges. 没有腐蚀程度的比较。

D. Compared to tsunamis, storm surges vary more from one to another in the currents they generate and change of sea level they cause. 没有变化程度的比较。

E. The influx of water into the lake caused by a tsunami, unlike that caused by a storm surge, need not be confined to the outlet that connects Lake Tokotan to the sea. 对应最后一句overtop

5. In the context in which it appears, “eliminates” most nearly means 

词汇题 易

eliminate 消除，排除

B

A. abolishes  废除，取消

B. excludes 排除

C. omits 省去，遗漏

D. reduces 减少

E. expels 驱逐

Question 6 is based on this passage

Sciences/environmental science

ground-level ozone / tree growth

臭氧影响树木生长

Ground-level ozone, a by-product of gasoline combustion, stunts tree growth in laboratory conditions. Researchers tracked the growth rate of loblolly pine trees in a large forest in the southern United States from 1990 to 1994. Over the course of those five years, ground-level ozone in the forest increased, while the rate of circumferential trunk growth decreased. These results indicate that in nature as in the laboratory, no tree is likely to thrive in high concentrations of ground-level ozone. 

地表臭氧是汽油燃烧的副产品，在实验室条件下会阻碍植物生长。研究者从1990到1994记录了一片大森林中火炬松的生长速率。在这五年中，森林中的臭氧浓度增高，树干的增粗速率也下降。这些结果表明，自然和实验室一样，高浓度臭氧下树木无法茁壮成长。

6. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? 

逻辑单题 逻辑反对 易

事实=结果=论据=树干增粗速率下降

观点=原因=论点=臭氧影响树木生长

找他因。

D

A. Measurement of circumferential tree-trunk growth were taken of both saplings and mature trees. 与取样无关。或者说，取样多样，可能会加强原论断。

B. Concentrations of ozone high up in the Earth’s atmosphere fluctuated significantly less during the period from 1990 to 1994 than during the period from 1986 to 1990. 不要管其他的时间段。违反逻辑收敛。

C. Traffic on a major interstate highway cutting through a large valley below the forest where the study was conducted increased sharply in 1990. 会加强。车多臭氧多。

D. Of the many species of trees in the forest where the study was conducted, the loblolly pine was the only species to show a reduced rate of circumferential trunk growth from 1990 to 1994. 那就有可能有他因了。其他树都没事，就你有事。就不一定怪臭氧了。

E. Rainfall patterns in the area where the trees were growing did not change significantly over the five-year period from 1990 to 1994. 排除他因。可能加强

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage

Sciences/paleontology

extinct / Australia / early settlers / emu

人类导致澳洲大型动物灭绝

①Less than 50,000 years ago, most of Australia’s largest animals became extinct, including nineteen species of giant marsupials. ②This die-off roughly coincided with the arrival of humans. ③Since Australia is so vast, and the number of early settlers hunting animals would have been so low, biologists long dismissed this timing as coincidence. ④Recently, however, researchers analyzing ancient emu eggshells found that 45,000 years ago, emus’ diets changed from all sorts of different plants to mainly shrubs. ⑤The researchers hypothesized that Australia’s early settlers periodically set the countryside afire—perhaps to flush our prey—a practice that would have reduced the variety of plant life. ⑥Animals that could cope with the changed landscape survived, while those that could not died out. 

不到5万年前，澳大利亚的大部分大型动物灭绝了，包括19种有袋类动物。这种情况的发生大致和人类到达的时间一致。因为澳洲很大，而且当时打猎的人也不多，生物学家也只当做巧合处理。然而，最近研究者研究鸸鹋（产于澳洲的一种体型大而不会飞的鸟）的蛋壳时发现，45000年前，鸸鹋从吃不同的植物转而主要吃灌木。研究者们假设是澳洲的早期移民定期放火想把猎物赶出来，使得植物多样性下降。能够适应环境改变的动物可以存活，不能适应的就消失了。

7. The researchers’ hypothesis suggests that the “nineteen species of giant marsupials” 

细节题 推断题 易

研究者认为是人类行为导致动物灭绝。

C

A. were already dying out when Australia’s first settlers arrived  相反。

B. formerly subsisted on emu eggs 没有证据

C. were unable to survive in a landscape altered by fire  符合

D. ate mainly shrubs before the arrival of humans 无关。吃shrub的是emu

E. were hunted to extinction by Australia’s first settlers 没有hunt的证据

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. 

8. The passage suggests that roughly 45,000 years ago, emus’ diets changed because 

细节题 推断题 易

A

A. the landscape became dominated by shrubs 符合

B. emus suddenly faced less competition for food from other species 没有证据

C. settlers introduced plants that crowded out existing ones 没有证据

Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage

Arts/politics

intimate converstaion / political discourse / political oratory

政治演说不靠谱

①The emphasis on intimate conversation in political discourse originated with Saul Alinsky (1909-1972) but became American labor leader Cesar Chavez’s (1927-1993) supreme contribution to political theory and practice. ②Such one-on-one organizing, like the feminist consciousness-raising groups that share its spirit, was promoted not just as a way of discussing politics, but as a way of doing politics. ③Its opposite was political oratory, the great transforming speech before a gathering of listeners. ④This view was an enormous departure in democratic theory: the leader’s ability to inspire a crowd had long been a touchstone of popular politics, but now such speeches and speechmakers seemed suspect, even essentially undemocratic, because they were frequently full of bombast and because they talked at the people instead of listening to them.  

在政治讨论中对亲切谈话的强调起源于SA，但后来成为美国劳工领袖塞CC对政治理论和实践的极大贡献。这种一对一的组织形式，就像共享精神的女权主义意识提升团体一样，不仅仅是作为一种讨论政治的方式被推广，也是一种从政的方式。它的反面是政治演说，在听众面前的煽动性演讲。这个观点与民主理论有很大的不同：领导者激发民众的能力一直是一个政治理念是否受欢迎的试金石，但现在这样的演讲和演讲家却被怀疑，甚至被认为压根就是不民主，因为他们经常夸夸而谈，而且并没有聆听人民的声音。

9. In the context of the passage, the highlighted portions serves primarily to  

功能题 目的题 中

高亮部分给出不认同的民主理论。

C

A. shed light on the validity of a theory 阐述一个理论的正确性。相反

B. question the reasonableness of a claim 不是在质疑观点的合理性。

C. identify an untenable assumption 符合

D. cast doubt on an outmoded idea 这句话本身不是用来反驳谁的

E. highlight the radical nature of an approach 没有radical nature的证据

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. 

10. According to the passage, Chavez differed from earlier democratic leaders in his approach to organizing in that Chavez  

细节题 中

CC采用亲切谈话。

C

A. was willing to question some widely held political assumptions 没有证据

B. did not think that great speeches could achieve political ends 不认为演讲可以达成政治目的。这个没有证据。比如许多人不通过健身而通过节食来减肥，不代表认为健身没有减肥效果。

C. preferred dialogue to other forms of political discourse 符合