The Social Contract - 09
It is appropriate that tax should be paid by the person
using the object taxed rather than by the person selling it, who
would have greater temptations, and more ways of eluding避开 the
taxes, because of the large number he has to pay.
=====BOOK I=====
MAN was born free, and ★everywhere he is in chains.
Whereas the social order is a sacred right, and provides a
foundation for all other rights. Yet it is a right that does not
come from nature; therefore it is based on agreed conventions惯例.
--- Chapter ii ：The First Societies--
In the family, the father is paid for the
care he takes of his children by the love he bears them, while
in the state this love is replaced by the pleasure of being in
command, the chief having no love for his people.
Aristotle too had said, earlier than any of them, that men
are not naturally equal, but that some are born for slavery
and some for mastery.
---Chapter iii : The Right of the Strongest
All power is from God,but all disease is from God also.
---Chapter iv :Slavery
SINCE no man has a natural authority over his fellow, and since
strength does not confer授予 any right,, it follows that the basis
remaining for all legitimate authority among men must be
agreed convention协议/惯例.
A foreign king, or private individual, or people, who pillages掠夺,
kills or detains扣留 a ruler's subjects, without declaring war on the
ruler, is not an enemy, but a brigand强盗.
War is not, therefore, a relationship between man and man,
but between state and state, in which individuals become
enemies only by accident, not as men, nor even as citizens, but
as soldiers; not even as members of their own nation, but as its
defenders.
-
The purpose of war being to destroy the enemy state,
its defenders may rightfully be killed so long as
they are carrying arms; but as soon as they lay them down and
surrender, ceasing to be enemies or agents of the enemy, they
become simply men again, and there is no longer any right
over their lives.
-
On occasion it is possible to kill the state without
killing any of its members; war confers★授予 no rights that
are not necessary to its purpose.
---Chapter v ： That It Is Always Necessary to Go Back
to an Original Convention---
There will always be a great difference between
subjugating征服 a multitude of men and ruling a society.
-
If a series of men, in succession继承, are made to submit屈服 to one other
man, all I can see in them is a master with his slaves, however
many of them there may be; I cannot see a people and its leader.
-
It could be said to be an aggregation, but it is not an
association; there is no public good, no body politic.
