K400V2S05S3Q1-Q10解析
Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.
Arts/literature
African American / avant-garde / anthology
也要关注非裔美国文学选集背后的政治动机
①Nielsen is aware that for many readers, including the anthologists who create textbooks, African American literature is thought to be primarily realistic in style and sociological or political in content. ②Avant-garde expressions—beyond the obvious examples offered by Langston Hughes, Amiri Baraka, and Ishmael Reed—are frequently overlooked. ③While such a narrow view is more readily apparent in critical attention given to fiction than in that given to poetry, it certainly skews anthologies.④ Nielsen is acutely aware of the serious political motives that often underlie such compilations and is also concerned that the currently popular critical paradigm of an oral tradition might deflect proper attention due African American literary traditions.
尼尔森意识到，对于许多读者来说，包括编写教科书的选集家，非裔美国文学主要是现实性风格和社会性或政治性内容。 除了 Langston Hughes、Amiri Baraka 和 Ishmael Reed 提供的明显例子之外，前卫的表达方式经常被忽视。 虽然这种狭隘的观点在对小说的批判性关注中比对诗歌要更明显，但它肯定没有顾及到选集。 尼尔森敏锐地意识到这些汇编背后的严重政治动机，并且还担心当前流行的口头传统批评范式可能会转移对非裔美国文学传统的适当关注。
1. The passage suggests that compared with critical writing on African American fiction, critical writing on African American poetry
细节题 推断题 中
对应第三句中，也就是前文中的情况在小说中比在诗歌中情况更多。也就是诗歌跟小说比没那么忽视前卫表达，没那么现实的风格和政治性的内容。
D
A. is more often driven by serious political motives 无关且没有这一层比较的证据。
B. is more influenced by currently popular critical paradigms 无关且没有influenced证据。
C. draws clearer distinctions between oral and literary traditions 没有distinctions的证据
D. acknowledges a broader range of style and content 符合
E. focuses more on the sociological implications of the works discussed 没有证据
Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.
2. The passage suggests that Nielsen has which of the following concerns regarding anthologies of African American literature?
态度题 难
作者认为选集也有很强的政治性动机，不能使用传统批判模式。
AB
A. That the anthologies overlook the work of the important avant-garde writers Langston Hughes, Amiri Baraka, and Ishmael Reed 第三句说到，这个观点只顾及到小说和诗歌，却忘了选集。说明选集也具有前一句的问题。
B. That the anthologies focus on a particular type of literature at the expense of other types 是的，只关注政治性内容了。
C. That the anthologies give insufficient attention to the oral tradition in African American literature 相反。
Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage
Sciences/biology
FID / bird escape /
鸟类也有认知能力
①“Flight-Initiation Distance” (FID) is the distance at which birds flee from an approaching human. ②Birds adjust their FIDs in relation to a range of factors, including body mass, encounter rates with stimuli, and aspects of the stimulus such as starting distance (the distance at which a human approach begins), stimulus type (e.g., vehicle or walker), proximity to refuge, directness and speed of approach.
①The ability to discriminate between stimuli within species demonstrates that cognition is involved in the specifics of bird escape, and the substantial cognitive ability of at least some birds has recently been highlighted. ②Accurate judgment of risk, and appropriate level of response, is likely to be critical for the survival of many birds that encounter potentially threatening stimuli such as humans in increasing numbers and places. ③The “cognitive buffer” hypothesis suggests larger-brained birds will be better able to adapt to novel environmental conditions such as those created by anthropogenic landscape change. ④In theory these birds may be able to learn (habituate or sensitize) to adjust responses appropriately based on their previous experience. ⑤If so, one would predict that there would be a negative association between FID and brain size within and across species.
“飞行起始距离”（FID）是鸟类逃离接近的人类的距离。鸟类会根据一系列因素调整它们的 FID，包括体重、与刺激的遭遇率以及刺激的各个方面，例如起始距离（人类开始接近的距离）、刺激类型（例如车辆或步行者），庇护地远近，接近程度和速度。
区分物种内刺激的能力表明鸟类逃跑的属性和认知有关，而且最近的确发现至少有些鸟有很强的认知能力。准确的风险判断和适当的反应水平可能对许多不断受到潜在危险刺激的鸟类的生存至关重要。 “认知缓冲”假说表明，大脑较大的鸟类将能够更好地适应新的环境条件，例如人为导致的环境变化。从理论上讲，这些鸟也许能够学习（习惯或敏感），根据他们以前的经验适当地调整反应。如果是这样，FID 与大脑大小之间会存在负相关。
3. The primary purpose of the passage is to
功能题 主旨题 易
文章通过FID来讨论鸟类的认知能力。属于现象解释类文章。
D
A. describe some adaptations of birds to environmental changes caused by humans 没有adaptations的证据。
B. challenge the role of brain size in birds’ behavioral responses to potential threats 不是驳论文
C. argue that cognitive ability may be more useful than measures of escape behavior in predicting the survival of birds 没有比较，也没有后面predicting的证据
D. examine the link between brain size and escape behavior in birds 符合。单选选最优。
E. explore a possible correlation between escape behavior and survival of birds encountering humans 没有这个correlation的证据
Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.
4. According to the passage, the distance at which a bird flees from a potentially threatening human partly depends on which of the following?
细节题 易
BC
A. Whether the human is watching the bird 没有证据
B. How familiar the human is to the bird 符合，encounter rates
C. How close the bird’s place of safety is 符合
5. The author mentions the “cognitive buffer” hypothesis primarily to
功能题 目的题 易
给出一种观点。
B
A. introduce a controversial hypothesis regarding bird adaptation 没有controversial的证据
B. expand on a mechanism that may contribute to bird adaptation 符合
C. summarize the cognitive factors lead some bird species to become dominant 没有dominant的证据
D. challenge a widely held view of bird adaptation 没有challenge
E. provide a counterexample concerning bird survival 不是反例
Questions 6 is based on this passage
Sciences
electricity / irrigatation / hydroelectirc generator
灌溉还是发电，这是个问题
Tarniesia needs to produce more electricity and to irrigate more cropland. The Yat River could be used for irrigation or to operate a hydroelectric generator, but not for both; the only suitable location for a generator is far downstream from the potential cropland, and water flow at that location would be inadequate for electricity production if water were diverted for irrigation. Tarniesia’s need for more electricity is more pressing. Nevertheless, Tarnesia intends to use the Yat for irrigation.
Tarniesia 需要生产更多的电力并灌溉更多的农田。 Yat 河可用于灌溉或操作水力发电机，但不能同时用于两者； 发电机的唯一合适位置是远离潜在农田的下游，如果将水用于灌溉，该位置的水流将不足以发电。 Tarniesia 对更多电力的需求更加紧迫。 尽管如此，Tarnesia 还是打算使用 Yat 进行灌溉。
6. Which of the following, if true of Tarniesia, most helps to justify the proposed use of the Yat?
逻辑单题 逻辑支持 易
绕来绕去就是还是给灌溉找个合理不能拒绝的理由。
D
A. The Yat is a tributary of the Gadir River, which has a volume of flow twice that of the Yat. 关Gadir River什么事。。是想说用那条河来发电吗？那你倒是说啊~你不说是让我猜吗？
B. Once water had passed through a generator on the Yat, pumping it back upstream to Tarniesia’s cropland would require as much power as that produced when the water passed through the generator. 我干嘛还要给水抽回去。。我是脑子抽抽了嘛。。
C. Most of the electricity now produced in Tarniesia is generated in coal-fueled power plants. 哦，已经有火力发电厂了啊？可不正是因为火力发电不够才pressing的嘛。
D. Using the post-harvest remains of irrigated crops to fuel a power generator will produce more electricity than the Yat could provide even at natural flow levels. 这个不错！又种了地，还能生物发电，还有更多的电。一举两得。
E. Cropland in Tarniesia that is not irrigated tends to produce significantly lower yields per acre than irrigated cropland. 这不废话嘛，我当然知道啊。可是没电也不行啊~
Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage
Sciences/biology
facial recognition / paper wasps / aggression / facial markings
胡蜂也有面部识别能力
①Some scientists have suggested that individual facial recognition is a specialized human skill, yet evidence suggests that paper wasps can recognize facial features and use this ability to maintain a strong social order in the hive. ②Researchers altered wasps’ facial markings by a painting on additional yellow marks or covering existing ones. ③Altered individuals were met with increased aggression. ④Wasps use aggression to test others and establish relative dominance. ⑤The increase in aggression solely toward altered wasps suggests that they were perceived as strangers whose relative dominance needed to be established. ⑥However, aggression toward altered wasps diminished over time. ⑦Evidently wasps were responding to the “new” wasp as an individual and gradually learning to associate that individual’s rank with its facial markings.
一些科学家认为，面部识别是一项人类专属的技能，但有证据表明，胡蜂可以识别面部特征，并利用这种能力在蜂巢中维持严格的社会秩序。 研究人员通过增加额外的黄色标记或覆盖现有的标记来改变黄蜂的面部标记。改变的个体受到了更多的攻击。 黄蜂使用攻击性来测试同类并建立相对优势。 仅对改变标记的黄蜂的攻击性增加表明它们被视为陌生人，需要建立相对优势。 然而，随着时间的推移，对改变标记黄蜂的攻击性逐渐减弱。 显然，黄蜂对这些新个体产生反应，并逐渐将其等级与其面部标记联系起来。
7. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the “aggression”?
细节题 推断题 中
对应信息从第三句开始
A
A. Its duration was determined by the time required for it to serve a particular social function. 它的持续时间由它服务于特定社会功能所需的时间决定。要适应GRE这种不讲人话的风格。对应第6句信息。一旦适应了这些“新”个体之后，攻击行为就会减弱。
B. Its intensity varied depending on the extent of researchers’ alterations to wasps’ markings. 没有intensity的证据。
C. It would likely have been more prolonged if the altered wasps had come from a different hive. 没有时间延长的证据。
D. It had a long-term destabilizing effect on the social order of the hives in which it occurred. 没有对social order长期影响的证据。
E. It had not been anticipated by the researchers who altered wasps’ markings. 这还真不好说。
8. The highlighted sentence serves primarily to
功能题 目的题 易
是为了解释aggression的原因。
C
A. acknowledge an apparent contradiction in a theory 没有contradition的证据
B. cite a finding made by the researchers mentioned earlier in the passage 不是一个发现，而是在解释前文的现象。
C. note a fact that informs an interpretation discussed later in the passage 符合
D. account for a behavior demonstrated by wasps whose markings had been altered 相反。这不是被改变的黄蜂的行为，而是其他黄蜂的行为。
E. explain how an assumption about wasp behavior guided the design of an experiment 没有guided证据
背景拓展：
Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage
Arts/history
elite women / social hierarchy
政府私有化使性别没那么重要
①In the late Hellenistic and early Roman Imperial periods, wealthy elite women played an increasingly prominent part in the public life of cities in peninsular Greece. ②The transformation of such women's power and political and economic behavior is best explained as a consequence of deep structural changes in the social hierarchy. ③In the course of the second and early first centuries B.C.E., many Greek cities saw the emergence of a stratum of superrich landowners. ④The dramatically increased economic inequality between this stratum and the common people was echoed in a general depoliticization of public life, since the influence exercised by this newly dominant class was largely undertaken in a private capacity. ⑤Inevitably, the privatization of civic government rendered gender less significant than wealth.
在希腊晚期和罗马帝国早期，富有的精英女性在希腊半岛城市的公共生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。这种女性权力以及政治和经济行为的转变，最好的解释是社会等级结构发生深刻结构变化的结果。在公元前2世纪和1世纪初期，许多希腊城市出现了超级富豪阶层。 这一阶层与普通民众之间急剧增加的经济不平等反映在公共生活的普遍去政治化中，因为这个新的统治阶级所施加的影响主要是以私人身份进行的。不可避免的是，公民政府的私有化使性别不如财富重要。
9. Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?
结构题 易
现象解释类文章
A
A. A phenomenon is described and a cause likely to have driven that phenomenon is presented. 符合
B. A process is explained, and the positive consequences of the process are enumerated. 没有positive consequences的证据
C. A hypothesis is presented, and evidence supporting the hypothesis is evaluated. 开头是个现象，不是观点
D. An assertion is made, and seemingly contradictory theories related to the assertion are reconciled. 同上
E. An assumption is summarized, and a series of examples explaining the assumption are provided. 同上
10. The passage suggests which of the following about women in the cities of peninsular Greece prior to the second century B.C.E.?
细节题 推断题 中
时间点前后取反。现在出现了超级富豪，整个社会结构去政治化，性别没有财富重要。之前把这些情况取反即可。
A
A. Their involvement in public life was circumscribed by their gender regardless of their economic status. 收到性别影响。符合。
B. Their efforts to reduce economic inequalities between the classes were effective. 没有这个efforts的证据
C. Their gender did not prevent them from playing an increasingly prominent role in urban public life. 相反。之前并非如此。
D. They were instrumental in bringing about the privatization of civic government. 没有证据
E. They were influential in helping reshape the social hierarchy of many Greek cities. 没有证据
