词根学习5：poly；prim；hom/homo；dis；vor

写在前面：

13.实在是不定时更新，有空就多更，没空会少些，但会更完的！

14.将中文字体颜色设置得更浅了。

21『POLY』

POLY comes from polys, the Greek word for "many." A polytechnic institute offers instruction in many technical fields. Polygamy is marriage in which one has many spouses, or at least more than the legal limit of one. And polysyllabic words are words of many syllables.

POLY来自希腊语polys，意为“许多”。理工学院提供许多技术领域的教学。一夫多妻是指一个人有多个配偶的婚姻，或者至少超过一个配偶的法定限制。多音节词是有许多音节的词。

polyp   [ˈpɑːlɪp]

n.息肉;(尤指)鼻息肉;(水螅型)珊瑚虫;水螅虫

(1) A sea invertebrate that has a mouth opening at one end surrounded by stinging tentacles. (2) A growth projecting from a mucous membrane, as on the colon or vocal cords.

(1) 一种海洋无脊椎动物，一端开口，周围有刺状触须。(2) 粘膜上的突起，如结肠或声带上的突起。

She had had a polyp removed from her throat, and for two weeks afterward she could only whisper.

她从喉咙里切除了一个息肉，两个星期内，她只能轻声细语。

This term comes from polypous, a Greek word for "octopus," which meant literally "many-footed." The types of tumor known as polyps got their name because some seem to be attached to the surface by branching "foot"-like roots, even though most do not. Polyps of the nose or vocal cords are usually only inconvenient, causing breathing difficulty or hoarseness, and can be removed easily; however, polyps in the intestines can sometimes turn cancerous.

这个词来自希腊语“章鱼”(polypous)，字面意思是“多足”。被称为息肉的肿瘤之所以得名，是因为有些肿瘤似乎通过分支“脚”状的根附着在表面，尽管大多数肿瘤没有。鼻息肉或声带息肉通常只是不方便，导致呼吸困难或声音嘶哑，很容易去除；然而，肠息肉有时会癌变。

polyglot   [ˈpɑːliɡlɑːt]

adj.通晓(或使用)多种语言的;用多种语言写成的

n.通晓多种语言的人

(1) One who can speak or write several languages. (2) Having or using several languages.

(1) 会说或写几种语言的人。(2) 掌握或使用几种语言的。

As trade between countries increases, there is more need for polyglots who can act as negotiators.

随着国家间贸易的增加，越来越需要能够充当谈判者的多语言人士。

Polyglot contains the root glot, meaning "language." It is used both as a noun and as an adjective. Thus, we could say that an international airport is bound to be polyglot, with people from all over the world speaking their native languages. One of history's more interesting polyglots was the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who claimed that he addressed his horse only in German, conversed with women in Italian and with men in French, but reserved Spanish (his original language) for his talks with God.

Polyglot包含词根glot，意为“语言”。它既用作名词，也用作形容词。因此，我们可以说，一个国际机场必然是多语言的，来自世界各地的人都说自己的母语。历史上最有趣的多语者之一是神圣罗马帝国皇帝查理五世，他声称自己只用德语称呼自己的马，用意大利语与女人交谈，用法语与男人交谈，但保留西班牙语(他的母语)与上帝交谈。

polymer   [ˈpɑːlɪmər]

n.聚合物;多聚体

A chemical compound formed by a reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form larger molecules with repeating structural units.

一种由两个或多个分子结合形成具有重复结构单元的大分子的反应形成的化合物。

Nylon, a polymer commercially introduced in 1938, can be spun and woven into fabrics or cast as tough, elastic blocks.

尼龙，一种1938年商业化引入的聚合物，可以纺成织物或铸造成坚韧的弹性块。

There are many natural polymers, including shellac, cellulose, and rubber. But synthetic polymers only came into being around 1870 with Celluloid, known especially for its use in photographic film. After many decades of development, the polymeric compounds now include polypropylene, used in milk crates, luggage, and hinges; polyurethane, used in paints, adhesives, molded items, rubbers, and foams; and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), used to make pipes that won't rust. And let's not forget polyester, which gave us a lot of uncool clothing in the 1970s but whose strength and resistance to corrosion have ensured that it remains an extremely useful material for all kinds of goods.

有许多天然聚合物，包括虫胶、纤维素和橡胶。但合成聚合物是在1870年左右与赛璐珞(Celluloid)一起出现的，赛璐珞因其在摄影胶片中的应用而闻名。经过几十年的发展，聚合物化合物现在包括聚丙烯，用于牛奶箱、行李和铰链；聚氨酯，用于油漆、粘合剂、模塑制品、橡胶和泡沫；以及聚氯乙烯(PVC)，用于制造不会生锈的管道。让我们不要忘记聚酯纤维，它在20世纪70年代给了我们很多不酷的衣服，但它的强度和耐腐蚀性确保了它仍然是一种非常适用于各种商品的材料。

polygraph   [ˈpɑːliɡræf]

n.测谎仪;测谎(试验)

An instrument for recording changes in several bodily functions (such as blood pressure and rate of breathing) at the same time; lie detector.

一种同时记录几种身体机能(如血压和呼吸速率)变化的仪器；测谎仪。

My brother-in-law is completely law-abiding, but he's such a nervous type that he's failed two polygraph tests at job interviews.

我姐夫完全遵纪守法，但他是一个非常紧张的人，在面试中两次测谎仪测试都失败了。

With its graph- root, polygraph indicates that it writes out several different results. A polygraph's output consists of a set of squiggly lines on a computer screen, each indicating one function being tested. The functions most commonly measured are blood pressure, breathing rate, pulse, and perspiration, all of which tend to increase when you lie.

测谎仪以其词根graph-(作图)表示它会写出几个不同的结果。测谎仪的输出由计算机屏幕上的一组曲线组成，每条曲线表示一个正在测试的函数。最常用的功能是血压、呼吸频率、脉搏和汗液，当你躺下时，这些都会增加。

22『PRIM』

PRIM comes from primus, the Latin word for "first." Something primary is first in time, rank, or importance. Something primitive is in its first stage of development. And something primeval had its origin in the first period of world or human history.

PRIM来源于拉丁语primus，意思是“第一”。primary指在时间、等级或重要性上居第一位。primitive的东西正处于发展的第一阶段。primeval的东西起源于世界或人类历史的第一个时期。

primal   [ˈpraɪml]

adj.原始的，最初的;根源的，根本的;主要的，首要的

n.<心>被压抑童年情绪的释放

Basic or primitive.

基本的或原始的。

There was always a primal pleasure in listening to the rain beat on the roof at night and dropping off to sleep in front of the fire.

晚上听着屋顶上的雨声，然后在炉火前睡着，这是一种原始的快乐。

Primal generally describes something powerful and almost instinctual. So when we speak of the primal innocence of youth or the primal intensity of someone's devotion, we're suggesting that the emotions or conditions being described are basic to our animal nature. Sitting around a campfire may feel like a primal experience, in which we share the emotions of our cave-dwelling ancestors. Intense fear of snakes or spiders may have primal roots, owing to the poison that some species carry. In "primal scream" therapy, popular in the 1970s, patients relive painful childhood experiences and express their frustration and anger through uncontrolled screaming and even violence.

Primal通常描述一些强大的、几乎是本能的东西。因此，当我们谈到年轻时的原始纯真或某人的原始投入强度时，我们暗示所描述的情绪或条件是我们动物天性的基础。围坐在篝火旁可能感觉像是一种原始的体验，在这种体验中，我们分享了穴居祖先的情感。由于某些物种携带的毒素，对蛇或蜘蛛的强烈恐惧可能具有原始根源。在20世纪70年代流行的“原始尖叫”疗法中，患者重温痛苦的童年经历，并通过不受控制的尖叫甚至暴力来表达他们的沮丧和愤怒。

primer   [ˈpraɪmər]

n.底漆;底层涂料;初级读本;入门书;识字课本;启蒙读本

(1) A small book for teaching children to read. (2) A small introductory book on a subject.

(1) 一本教孩子读书的小书。(2) 一本关于某一主题的小介绍书。

She announced that she'd be passing out a primer on mutual funds at the end of the talk.

她宣布，她将在演讲结束时分发一份共同基金入门书。

Primers were once a standard part of every child's education. The first primer printed in North America, The New England Primer, was typical; it contained many quotations from the Bible and many moral lessons, and the text was accompanied by numerous woodcut illustrations. We no longer use the word in early education, but it's widely used in everyday speech. Notice how primer is pronounced; don't mix it up with the kind of paint that's pronounced with a long i sound.

初级教育曾经是每个孩子教育的标准部分。在北美印刷的第一本初级读物《新英格兰初级读物》是典型的；它包含了许多圣经语录和许多道德教训，文本还附有许多木刻插图。我们在早期教育中不再使用这个词，但它在日常演讲中被广泛使用。注意primer的发音；当其表示颜料、底漆时，其中的i发长音。

primate   [ˈpraɪmeɪt]

n.灵长类，灵长目动物;大主教，首席主教，总主教

adj.灵长目动物的;首要的

Any member of the group of animals that includes human beings, apes, and monkeys.

动物群中的任何一员，包括人、猿和猴子。

Dr. Leakey sent three young women to work with individual primates: Jane Goodall with the chimpanzees, Dian Fossey with the gorillas, and Birute Galdakis with the orangutans.

李基博士派了三位年轻女性研究灵长类动物个体：简·古德研究黑猩猩，迪安·福西研究大猩猩，比鲁特·加尔达基斯研究猩猩。

primordial   [praɪˈmɔːrdiəl]

adj.原生的;原始的;基本的

(1) First created or developed. (2) Existing in or from the very beginning.

(1) 最初创造或发展的。(2) 从一开始就存在的。

Many astronomers think the universe is continuing to evolve from a primordial cloud of gas.

许多天文学家认为宇宙是从原始的气体云继续演化而来的。

Primordial can be traced back to the Latin word primordium, or "origin," and applies to something that is only the starting point in a course of development or progression. A primordial landscape is one that bears no sign of human use, and a primordial cell is the first formed and least specialized in a line of cells. The substance out of which the earth was formed and from which all life evolved is commonly called "the primordial ooze" or "the primordial soup"-even by scientists.

原始可以追溯到拉丁语单词primordium，或“origin” (起源)，并适用于仅是发展或进步过程中的起点的事物。原始景观是一种没有人类使用迹象的景观，原始细胞是一系列细胞中最早形成和最不专门化的。地球形成和所有生命进化的物质通常被科学家称为“原始软泥”或“原始汤”。

23『HOM/HOMO』

HOM/HOMO comes from homos, the Greek word for "same," which in English words may also mean "similar." A homograph is a word spelled like another word but different in meaning or pronunciation, and a homosexual is a person who favors others of the same sex. (This root has nothing to do with the Latin homo, meaning "person," as in Homo sapiens, the French homme, and the Spanish hombre.)

HOM/HOMO来源于希腊语“HOMO”，意思是“相同”，在英语单词中也可能意味着“相似”。homograph是一个拼写与另一个单词相似但在意义或发音上不同的单词，同性恋是喜欢同性的人。(这个词根与拉丁语homo无关，拉丁语中的homo意为“人”，如Homo sapien(智人)、法语homme和西班牙语hombre。)

homonym   [ˈhɑːmənɪm]

n.同形(同音)异义词(写法相同，读音可能相同，意义不同)

One of two or more words pronounced and/or spelled alike but different in meaning.

发音和/或拼写相似但意义不同的两个或多个单词中的一个。

The pool of "a pool of water" and the pool of "a game of pool" are homonyms.

池子和台球是同形异义词。

Homonym can be troublesome because it may refer to three distinct classes of words. Homonyms may be words with identical pronunciations but different spellings and meanings, such as to, too, and two. Or they may be words with both identical pronunciations and identical spellings but different meanings, such as quail (the bird) and quail (to cringe). Finally, they may be words that are spelled alike but are different in pronunciation and meaning, such as the bow of a ship and bow that shoots arrows. The first and second types are sometimes called homophones, and the second and third types are sometimes called homographs-which makes naming the second type a bit confusing. Some language scholars prefer to limit homonym to the third type.

Homonym一词有点麻烦，因为它可能指向三种不同类型。首先可能是同音词，发音相同但拼写和含义不同，例如to、too和two。其次可能是同音同形异义词，如quali，既是鹌鹑又是畏缩。还可能是拼写相似但异音异义词，如bow，既是船头又是弓箭，用在不同地方时有不同的发音。第一类和第二类有时被称为同音词，第二类和第三类有时被称作同形词，这使得命名第二类有点混淆。一些语言学者倾向于将同音异义词限制在第三类。

homogeneous   [ˌhoʊməˈdʒiːniəs]

adj.同种类的;由相同(或同类型)事物(或人)组成的

(1) Of the same or a similar kind. (2) Of uniform structure or composition throughout.

(1) 相同或相似的。(2) 结构或成分完全一致的。

Though she was raised in a small town, she found the city more interesting because its population was less homogeneous.

虽然她在一个小镇长大，但她发现这座城市更有趣，因为它的人口不那么同质。

A slab of rock is homogeneous if it consists of the same material throughout, like granite or marble. A neighborhood might be called homogeneous if all the people in it are similar, having pretty much the same background, education, and outlook. 

如果一块岩石由相同的材料组成，比如花岗岩或大理石，那么它就是均质的。如果一个社区里的所有人都是相似的，拥有几乎相同的背景、教育和前景，那么这个社区可能被称为同质社区。

homologous   [hoʊˈmɑːləɡəs]

adj.(位置、结构等)相应的，类似的;同源的

Developing from the same or a similar part of a remote ancestor.

从遥远祖先的相同或相似部分发展而来。

Arms and wings are homologous structures that reveal the ancient relationship between birds and four-legged animals.

手臂和翅膀是同源结构，揭示了鸟类和四足动物之间的古老关系。

homogenize   [hoʊˈmɑdʒəˌnaɪz]

v.均匀化;(尤指不适宜地)使统一，使单一，使类同

(1) To treat (milk) so that the fat is mixed throughout instead of floating on top. (2) To change (something) so that its parts are the same or similar.

(1) 处理(牛奶)使脂肪在整个过程中混合而不是浮在上面。(2) 改变(某物)使其各部分相同或相似。

By now the suburb had gotten so homogenized that he couldn’t tell the families on his street apart.

到现在，郊区已经变得如此同质化，以至于他无法区分街道上的家庭。

Homogenized milk has been around so long-about a hundred years -that many Americans have never seen milk with the cream on top, and probably think cream separation only happens in expensive yogurt. But homogenize was being used before anyone succeeded in getting milk and cream to mix.

均质牛奶已经存在了大约一百年，以至于许多美国人从来没有见过上面有奶油的牛奶，而且可能认为奶油分离只发生在昂贵的酸奶中。但在任何人成功将牛奶和奶油混合之前，均化器就已经被使用了。

24『DIS』

DIS comes from Latin, where it means "apart." In English, its meanings have increased to include "opposite" or "not" (as in distaste, disagreeable), "deprive of" (disinfect), or "exclude or expel from" (disbar). The original meaning can still be seen in a word like dissipate, which means "to break up and scatter.”

DIS来自拉丁语，意思是“分开”。在英语中，它的意思已经增加到包括“对立”或“不”(如厌恶distaste、不愉快disagreeable)、“剥夺”(消毒disinfect)或“排除、驱逐”(取消disbar)。原来的意思仍然可以在“dissipate”(消散)一词中看到，意思是“分手和分散”。

dissuade   [dɪˈsweɪd]

vt.劝阻;劝(某人)勿做(某事)

To convince (someone) not to do something.

说服(某人)不做某事。

The thought of the danger he might be facing on the journey makes her uneasy, and she's trying to dissuade him from going.

想到他在旅途中可能面临的危险，她感到不安，她试图劝阻他不要去。

Dissuade is the opposite of persuade, though it's a less common word. The dissuading may be done by a person or by something else: A bad weather forecast may dissuade a fisherman from going out to sea that day, but a warning on a cigarette pack almost never dissuades a real smoker from having his or her next cigarette.

劝阻与劝服相反，尽管劝阻不太常见。劝阻的主语既可以是某人也可以是某物：恶劣的天气预报可能会劝阻渔民当天出海，但烟盒上的警告几乎不会劝阻真正的吸烟者不要再吸下一支烟。

disorient   [dɪˈsɔriˌɛnt]

v.迷失方向;使觉得迷惘

To cause to be confused or lost.

使困惑或迷失。

By now the hikers were completely disoriented, and darkness was falling fast.

到现在，徒步旅行者完全迷失了方向，夜幕降临。

Orienteering is participating in a cross-country race in which each person uses a map and compass to navigate the course. Orient comes from the word meaning "to rise" (like the sun), and still today it's easy for a hiker to become disoriented when an overcast sky hides the sun.

定向越野是指参加一项越野比赛，每个人都使用地图和指南针来导航路线。Orient一词的意思是“升起”(像太阳一样)，但时至今日，当阴天遮住太阳时，徒步旅行者很容易迷失方向。

discredit   [dɪsˈkredɪt]

vt.使丧失信誉;败坏…的名声;使丢脸;使不相信;使怀疑;使不可置信

n.名誉丧失;信誉丧失;丢脸

(1) To cause (someone or something) to seem dishonest or untrue. (2) To damage the reputation of (someone).

(1) 使(某人或某物)看起来不诚实或不真实。(2) 损害(某人)的名誉。

His book had been thoroughly discredited by scholars, and his reputation was badly damaged.

他的书被学者们彻底抹黑，他的声誉受到严重损害。

Since one meaning of credit is "trust," discredit means basically "destroy one's trust." A scientific study may be discredited if it turns out it was secretly written up by someone paid by a drug company. An autobiography may be discredited if someone discovers that the best parts came out of a novel. A lawyer may try to discredit testimony in a trial by revealing that the witness just got out of the slammer. Many political campaigns rely on discrediting one's opponents; desperate politicians have learned that, if they can claim that someone attacking them has been completely discredited, it might work even if it isn't true.

由于credit的一个含义是“信任”，因此抹黑(discredit)基本上意味着“摧毁一个人的信任”。如果一项科学研究被证明是由一家制药公司付费的人秘密撰写的，那么它可能会被抹黑。如果有人发现自传中最好的部分出自小说，这自传作者可能会丧失名誉。律师可能会试图通过透露证人刚刚从监狱中出来来诋毁庭审中的证词。许多政治运动都依赖于诋毁对手；绝望的政客们已经认识到，如果他们能够声称攻击他们的人已经完全被抹黑，即使这不是真的，也可能奏效。

dislodge   [dɪsˈlɑːdʒ]

vt.驱逐;(把某物)强行去除;取出;移动;(把某人)逐出

To force out of a place, especially a place of rest, hiding, or defense.

迫使离开一个地方，尤指休息、躲藏或防御的地方。

Senators are attempting to dislodge the bill from the committee, where the chairman has failed to act on it for five months.

参议员们正试图将该法案从委员会中驱逐出去，因为委员会主席已经五个月没有对此采取行动。

A lodge is usually a kind of rooming house or hotel, and the verb lodge often means staying or sleeping in such a place. Thus, dislodge means removing a person or thing from where it's been staying. So, for instance, you might use a toothpick to dislodge a seed from between your teeth, police might use tear gas to dislodge a sniper from his hiding place, and a slate tile dislodged from a roof could be dangerous to someone hanging out on the street below.

lodge通常是一种住宿的房子或酒店，动词lodge通常意味着在这样的地方住宿或睡觉。因此，驱逐意味着将人或物从其停留的地方移走。例如，你可以用牙签从牙缝里拔出一颗种子，警察可以用催泪瓦斯从狙击手藏身的地方拔出一个狙击手，从屋顶上拔出的一块石板瓦可能会对下面街道上的人造成危险。

25『VOR』

VOR comes from the Latin verb vorare, "to eat," and the ending -ivorous shows up in words that refer to eaters of certain kinds of food. Frugivorous (for "fruit-eating"), granivorous (for "grain-eating"), and graminivorous (for "grass-eating") aren't too rare, but you won’t run across phytosuccivorous ("plant-sap-eating") every day.

VOR来自拉丁语动词vorare，“to eat”，词尾-ivours出现在指某些种类食物的食用者的单词中。食果类(“吃水果”)、食粮类(“食谷物”)和食草类(“吃草”)并不罕见，但你不会每天都遇到食植物的(“吃植物汁液”)。

carnivorous   [kɑːrˈnɪvərəs]

adj.(动物)食肉的;(人)爱吃肉的，肉食性的

Meat-eating or flesh-eating.

吃肉。

He'd gotten tired of his vegetarian guinea pigs and decided he preferred carnivorous pets such as ferrets.

他已经厌倦了他的素食豚鼠，决定更喜欢雪貂等食肉动物。

herbivorous   [ɜːrˈbɪvərəs]

adj.食草的

Plant-eating.

吃植物。

In spite of their frightening appearance, marine iguanas are peaceable herbivorous animals that feed mostly on seaweed.

尽管外表吓人，但海洋鬣蜥是一种和平的食草动物，主要以海藻为食。

insectivorous   [ɪnsɛkˈtɪvərəs]

adj.食虫动物的

Feeding on insects.

以昆虫为食。

Their rather odd 12-year-old son kept insectivorous plants in his bedroom and fed them live flies.

他们12岁的儿子非常古怪，在卧室里养着食虫植物，喂它们活苍蝇。

voracious   [vəˈreɪʃəs]

adj.贪婪的;贪吃的;狼吞虎咽的;饭量大的;(对信息、知识)渴求的;求知欲强的

Having a huge appetite.

胃口大的。

One of the hardest parts of dieting is watching skinny people with voracious appetites consume large amounts of food without gaining weight.

节食最困难的部分之一是看着那些胃口大开的瘦子们在不增加体重的情况下大量进食。

Voracious can be applied to people, animals, and even things, and doesn't always refer to consuming food. Thus, teenagers are voracious eaters; you may become a voracious reader on vacation; and Americans have long been voracious consumers. The most voracious bats may eat three-quarters of their weight in insects in a single night. Some countries have a voracious appetite for oil. Voracious corporations keep "swallowing" other companies through mergers.

贪婪可以应用于人、动物甚至事物，并不总是指食用食物。因此，青少年是贪婪的食者；度假时你可能会成为一个贪婪的读者；美国人长期以来都是贪婪的消费者。最贪婪的蝙蝠可能在一个晚上吃掉四分之三体重的昆虫。一些国家对石油有着巨大的胃口。贪婪的公司通过合并不断“吞噬”其他公司。