2.Hunger and famine are not accidents — they are created by....

Fakhri’s report draws on decades of studies, as well as newer data from bodies including the UN’s World Food Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. The report describes the relationship between violence in various forms, including sexual and gender-based violence, and food insecurity. Conflicts endanger food security when, for example, crops are destroyed or food supplies are disrupted — things that have happened, and continue to happen, in wars from Mali to Myanmar. Coercive measures, such as international economic sanctions against warring countries, also contribute to hunger. The evidence, according to the report, is that ‘targeted’ sanctions disrupt food systems, too.

Fakhri的报告借鉴了数十年的研究，以及来自联合国世界粮食计划署和联合国粮食及农业组织等机构的最新数据。该报告描述了包括性暴力和基于性别的暴力在内的各种形式的暴力与粮食不安全之间的关系。冲突危及粮食安全，例如，当作物被毁或粮食供应中断时——从马里到缅甸的战争中，这种情况已经发生，并将继续发生。对交战国的国际经济制裁等强制性措施也助长了饥饿。报告指出，有证据表明，“有针对性”的制裁也会破坏粮食系统。

The UN special rapporteur’s report also brings home how global economic events are exacerbating hunger and food insecurity. Food prices have rocketed in most places, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In the rich countries that are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, food-price inflation dropped to around 12% on average in April, but it remains much higher in a number of LMICs — 81% in Lebanon, 27% in Egypt and 30.5% in Zimbabwe, according to World Bank data published last month. That is down to factors such as the COVID‑19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The war affected the global supply of staple crops — before the invasion, Russia and Ukraine together grew one-third of the world’s wheat. The global spike in energy prices is also affecting the ability of the poorest families to use gas and other fuels for cooking.

联合国特别报告员的报告还揭示了全球经济事件是如何加剧饥饿和粮食不安全的。食品价格在大多数地方都在飙升，尤其是在低收入和中等收入国家。根据世界银行上个月公布的数据，在经济合作与发展组织的富裕国家中，食品价格四月份的平均通胀率降至12%左右，但在一些中低收入国家中，食品价格的通胀率仍然高得多——黎巴嫩为81%，埃及为27%，津巴布韦为30.5%。这是由于COVID - 19大流行和俄罗斯入侵乌克兰等因素造成的。战争影响了全球主要作物的供应——在入侵之前，俄罗斯和乌克兰的小麦产量占世界的三分之一。全球能源价格的飙升也影响了最贫困家庭使用天然气和其他燃料做饭的能力。