【种花家学·诗经】1国风-05卫风-10木瓜『附：理雅各英释版』

【阅前提醒】本篇专栏的外语原文部分出自苏格兰经学家理雅各所著的《The Chinese Classics》。理雅各先生出生于1815年（清嘉庆二十年），一生致力于中西方文化的交流，其最重要的成果就是详尽译释了种花家传统经典。由于理雅各先生的本职是传教士，因此其翻译工作带有浓烈的“译经为次，释经为要”的职业习惯（不少传教士译者都有这种习惯，例如传教士柯大卫翻译的《论语》也是注重释经），这种紧抓释经权的翻译模式至今仍是独一份。不过由于理雅各的译作卷帙浩繁，因此目前人们常常删去释经只取译文。但我感觉此书的释经部分才是精华，直接丢弃实在是有些买椟还珠了。因此就计划用业余时间对理雅各的译作原文进行整理上传。当然此书规模实在庞大，以我的业余精力和水平，只能是能整理多少算多少，能整理成什么样算什么样。 

一、国风·卫风·木瓜PARTⅠ.BOOKⅤ.ODE Ⅹ.Muh kwa

〖一〗投我以木瓜，报之以琼琚。匪报也，永以为好也！

〖二〗投我以木桃，报之以琼瑶。匪报也，永以为好也！

〖三〗投我以木李，报之以琼玖。匪报也，永以为好也！

二、诗经《卫风·木瓜》小序

        木瓜，美齊桓公也。衞國有狄人之敗，出處于漕，齊桓公救而封之，遺之車馬器服焉，衞人思之，欲厚報之，而作是詩也。

【理雅各译】The Muh kwa is in praise of duke Hwan of Ts'e (B.C.683-642). The State of Wei had been ruined by the Teih, and the people had fled and were living in Ts'aou. Duke Hwan came to their rescue, and re-instated Wei, sending gifts, moreover, of carriages, horses, utensils, and robes. When the people thought of his conduct,they wished to recompense him largely, and made this piece.

三、理雅各韵体版诗译 

（ⅰ）

A tree-gourd they gave me in compliment,

And I in return gave a lovely keu-gem.

'Twas not in return for the compliment;-

I wished to make lasting my friendship with them.

（ⅱ）

A peach they presented in compliment,

And I in return gave a lovely yaou-gem.

'Twas not in return for the compliment;-

I wished to make lasting my friendship with them.

（ⅲ）

A plum they presented in compliment,

And I in return gave a lovely kew-stoue.

'Twas not in return for the compliment;-

Our friendship to knit was my motive alone.

四、理雅各散体版诗译 

（ⅰ）

There was presented to me a papaya,

And I returned for it a beautiful keu-gem;

Not as a return for it,

But that our friendship might be lasting.

（ⅱ）

There was presented to me a peach,

And I returned for it a beautiful Yaou-gem;

Not as a return for it,

But that our friendship might be lasting.

（ⅲ）

There was presented to me a plum,

And I returned for it a beautiful kew-stone;

Not as a return for it,

But that our friendship might be lasting.

五、理雅各版释经 

0、绪言

Metaphorical.SMALL GIFTS OF KINDNESS SHOULD BE RESPONDED TO WITH GREATER;BUT FRIENDSHIP IS MORE THAN ANY GIFT.

【山译】隐喻诗。带有善意的小礼物应该得到更大的回报，而真挚的友谊比礼物更重要。

【山注】旧诗经体系中依照毛诗小序观点，认为此诗是卫人为报答齐桓封卫之恩所做。但自朱熹到闻一多，不少学者认为这只是一首爱情诗，甚至可能是描写女子送给男子表达爱意的小礼物后，男子直接回赠定亲信物的场景。

0.1、韵版绪言
When Wei was nearly extinguished by the Teih, duke Hwan of Ts'e, as the leading prince among the States, came grandly and munificently to its help; and Maou finds in this piece the grateful sentiments of the people of Wei towards him. If this be the correct interpretation, Hwan's all but royal munificence and favour is strongly represented by the insignificant present of a fruit. Choo compares the piece with ⅲ.ⅩⅦ., and thinks it may refer to an interchange of courtesies between a lover and his mistress. But we need not seek any particular interpretation of it. What is metaphorically set forth may have a general application.

【山译】当卫国几乎被狄灭国的危机时刻，齐桓公作为诸侯霸主，极为慷慨的援助了卫国，毛公从这首诗中看出了卫人对齐桓的感激之情。如果这是本诗的正确解释，那本诗就是只用一个微不足道的水果去表现齐桓公的慷慨与恩宠（山注：这句话的意思是理雅各并不信服毛诗小序中此诗是描写齐桓封卫后卫人感恩齐桓的这个观点，也就是说，理雅各也倾向于这是一首爱情诗）。朱熹将这首诗与《03邶风·17静女》作比较，认为这首诗是在描写男女交往的场景。但其实我们并不需要极为确定的解释，因为此诗作为一首隐喻诗，可以有普遍的应用场景。

【山注】姚際桓、方玉润、朱熹等人驳斥此处毛诗“美齐桓说”的理由主要有三：①齐桓封卫，对卫人有再造之恩，卫人答谢时，不可能用木瓜等廉价水果比喻封卫大恩，而用琼琚等贵重玉器比喻自己的回报。②此诗文辞有些轻佻，不像是国与国之间的对答，更像是朋友之间的交流对话，甚至是亲密男女之间的交往情话；③史书上没有关于卫人以重礼回报齐桓的任何记载，如果有，以孔门的偏好，一定会重墨记载，而如果卫人压根没有重礼回报的计划，怎敢以此诗作为外交辞令，真当齐桓公脾气好吗？

0.2、散版绪言

When Wei was nearly extinguished by the Teih, duke Hwan of Ts'e, as the leading prince among the States, came grandly and munificently to its help; and Maou finds in this ode the grateful sentiments of the people of Wei towards him. We can hardly conceive that this is the correct historical interpretation of the piece. If it be so,Hwan's all but royal munificence and favour is strangely represented by the insignificant present of fruit. Choo compares the piece with ⅲ.ⅩⅦ.〖山注，原书此处是ⅱ.ⅩⅦ.，但我查证朱熹原话是邶风·静女，故改之〗,and thinks it may refer to an interchange of courtesies between a lover and his mistress. We need not seek any particular interpretation of it. What is metaphorically set forth may have a general application.

【山译】当卫国几乎被狄灭国的危机时刻，齐桓公作为诸侯霸主，极为慷慨的援助了卫国，毛公从这首诗中看出了卫人对齐桓的感激之情。但我们很难相信这个观点是正确的，否则，本诗就是只用一个微不足道的水果去表现齐桓公的慷慨与恩宠朱熹将这首诗与《03邶风·17静女》作比较，认为这首诗是在描写男女交往的场景。但其实我们并不需要极为确定的解释，因为此诗作为一首隐喻诗，可以有普遍的应用场景。

【山注】关于朱熹用《03邶风·17静女》与此诗作比较之说可参见朱熹集传，原话是：“言人有赠我以微物，我当报之以重宝，而犹未足以为报也，但欲其长以为好而不忘耳。疑亦男女相赠答之词，如《静女》之类。”

1、投我以木瓜，报之以琼琚。匪报也，永以为好也！

【韵译】A tree-gourd they gave me in compliment, / And I in return gave a lovely keu-gem. / 'Twas not in return for the compliment;- / I wished to make lasting my friendship with them.

【散译】There was presented to me a papaya, / And I returned for it a beautiful keu-gem; / Not as a return for it, / But that our friendship might be lasting.

2、投我以木桃，报之以琼瑶。匪报也，永以为好也！

【韵译】A peach they presented in compliment, / And I in return gave a lovely yaou-gem. / 'Twas not in return for the compliment;- / I wished to make lasting my friendship with them.

【散译】There was presented to me a peach, / And I returned for it a beautiful Yaou-gem; / Not as a return for it, / But that our friendship might be lasting.

3、投我以木李，报之以琼玖。匪报也，永以为好也！

【韵译】A plum they presented in compliment, / And I in return gave a lovely kew-stoue. / 'Twas not in return for the compliment;- / Our friendship to knit was my motive alone.

【散译】There was presented to me a plum, / And I returned for it a beautiful kew-stone; / Not as a return for it, / But that our friendship might be lasting.

3.01、投

L1.1,2 in all the stt. means, properly, 'to throw at or to'; but here='to present'.

【山译】这三章各自前两句中的所有“投”都是一个意思，投的原意是“投掷扔向”，而此处均是赠予的意思。

【山注】此处理雅各是根据郑笺：“投，犹掷也。”的说法。此处含有赠送之意。

3.02、木瓜、木桃、木李

木瓜 is the well-known carica papaya;called a 瓜, we presume, from its gourd-like fruit. We must understand the terms here of the fruit, and not of the tree. But what are we to make of the 木桃 and 木李 in the other stanzas? Neither Maou nor Choo says anything in explanation of the 木, nor does the Urh-ya mention such trees.The probability is, therefore, that we are to understand by the phrases simply the peach proper and the plum proper.The Pun-ts'aou, indeed, gives the name of 木桃 to the cha-tsze(樝子)，'a kind of bad pear', and of 木李 to the ming cha (榠樝) which is described as an inferior variety of the muh kwa. But these identifications have been made for the sake of the texts before us. Maou quotes a saying of Confucius,that in this ode he saw 'the ceremony of sending presents in bundles made of rushes(苞苴之禮行)，' which might lead us to translate 'a bundle of the papaya',&c.; but where Maou found the saying, we do not know. It appears,indeed,in the fabrication by Wang Suh, attributed to K'ung Ts'ung(孔叢子)；but it was stolen, probably, by Suh from Maou.

【山译】“木瓜”是一种常见的水果，我们猜测，其之所以称为瓜，是因为其葫芦状的身形。我们必须理解这个木瓜指的是果实而不是生产果实的树木。而我们应该怎么理解第2/3节中的木桃和木李呢？无论是毛公还是朱熹都没有对木桃和木李进行解释，《尔雅》也没有相关描述。所以我们只能用“桃子”和“李子”进行理解。《本草》认为“木桃”的学名是“楂子”，一种不好的梨；而“木李”的学名是“榠楂”，即不好的木瓜。但这些解释是专门针对这篇诗歌。毛公引用孔子的话语“见苞苴之礼行”，即看到用草编织袋承装礼物的仪式，这会让我翻译成一捆木瓜、木桃、木李等，但是我们不知道，毛公究竟是在哪里看到的这句话。比较显然的是，可以在《孔丛子》中找到这句话，不过这本书成书于东汉之后，因此这句话可能反而是出自毛公之说。【山注，此处不明Wang Suh其义，暂无法翻译】

【山录】《本草纲目》——〔时珍曰〕木瓜可种可接，可以枝压。其叶光而厚，其实如小瓜而有鼻。

        ①津润味不木者为木瓜。

        ②圆小于木瓜，味木而酢涩者为木桃。

        ③似木瓜而无鼻，大于木桃，味涩者为木李，亦曰木梨，即榠楂及和圆子也。

【山录】《本草纲目》——木桃《埤雅》和圆子〔时珍曰〕木瓜酸香而性脆，木桃酢涩而多渣，故谓之楂，《雷公炮炙论》和圆子即此也。

【山录】《毛诗古训传·木瓜》——〖传〗孔子曰：“吾于《木瓜》，见苞苴之礼行。”〖笺〗以果实相遗者，必苞苴之。

【山录】《孔丛子·卷一记义》——于《木瓜》,见苞苴之礼行也。

3.03、琼琚

The Shwoh-wan defines 瓊 as 'a gem of a carnation colour'; but in this ode the term is used as an adj,.=beautiful(玉之美名)'. 琚 is the name of a gem. Two square keus formed part of the furniture of the girdle appendages;-see on V.3.

【山译】《说文》定义“琼”为一种红色的宝石。但在本诗中用来作为形容玉石美丽的形容词。“琚”是一种宝石名，两个方形的琚用来装饰腰带。【山注，此处不明V.3.其义，暂无法翻译】

【山录】《说文解字·瓊》——赤玉也。从玉敻聲。渠營切。

3.04、瑶、玖

The yaou was another prized gem,or stone,acc.to the Shwoh-wan;and the kew was a stone, ranking in value immediately after the gems.

【山译】根据《说文》可知，“瑶”是另一种玉石，而“玖”是一种价值仅次于玉石的石头。

【山录】《说文解字·瑶》——玉之美者。从玉䍃聲。《詩》曰："報之以瓊瑤。" 余招切。

【山录】《说文解字·瑶》——石之次玉黑色者。从玉久聲。《詩》曰："貽我佩玖。"讀若芑。或曰若人句脊之句。舉友切。  

3.05、匪报也，永以为好也！

L1.3,4.As expanded by Yen Ts'an, these two lines are-此非足為報，欲以結好於永久.This is not sufficient to be a return,but I wish by means of it to tie the bonds of friendship for ever.'

【山译】严粲解读这三章的各自后两句的意思为“此非足为报，欲以结好于永久”，即这并不足以为报，而是以此来维系我们之间的友情。

The rhymes are-in st.1,瓜*，琚，cat.5,t.1;(and in 2,3),報*，好*，cat.3,t.2:in2,桃，瑤，cat.2:in3,李，玖*，cat.1,t.2.