Renewal-Zone：雷吉奥学校 南欧语境下的被动式生态宇宙
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雷吉奥学校的设计理念基于建筑环境对儿童探索钻研的渴望的激发作用。通过这种方式，建筑被构思为一个复杂的生态体系，让学生们能够通过自我驱动的集体实验来主导适合自身的教育模式，这遵循了意大利雷吉奥内尔艾米利亚市的Loris Malaguzzi及一些父母提出的教育理念，致力于增强儿童应对变化和挑战的能力与潜力。
建筑的设计、建造和使用旨在超越可持续性的范式，将生态学作为设计方法，环境的影响、多物种的集合、材料的调动、集体管理和教学理念均贯穿其中。
Photography: José Hevia
为了避免同质化和统一教条，学校建筑致力于成为一个多重宇宙，在这里多层次的复合教育环境都可被阅读和体验。建筑成为了多样化的气候、生态系统、建筑传统和法规的集合体。建筑在垂直方向展开，地面层与地形结合设计，用于低年级教室。上方楼层里是中年级的学生空间，这里还设置了回收水源和土壤池，在温室结构中灌溉供养的室内花园一直延伸至最高层。高年级教室环绕这座室内花园展开，仿佛一座小型村落。这种分布形式意味着一个持续成长的过程，可以转译为学生与同龄人在自行探索学校生态系统的能力的不断增强。
Photography: José Hevia
Photography: José Hevia
二层作为正式化的大型空间，通过景观拱门向周围的生态系统开放，这里也是学校主要的聚会广场。在这里，建筑鼓励师生参与到学校的管理之中，并与周围的景观和地域展开互动。这处5000平方英尺的中心区域，高度超26英尺，被视为一个世界性的集会；空气在邻近乡村的圣栎树调节下，流动穿梭于这处半封闭空间。专供昆虫、蝴蝶、鸟类和蝙蝠等生物栖息的小花园，由生态学家和土壤学家共同设计。在这里，既可以开展锻炼等日常活动，也可以探讨学校作为社区的运作方式以及与临近的溪流和田地如何建立连接。最终，这层空间成为了超出人类种群的峰会运作空间，师生可以于此感受并适应所在的生态系统。
Photography: José Hevia
建筑通常将机电暖通系统隐藏起来，这一项目采取另一种方案，将所有的设备展现出来，为学生们提供了解建筑如何运转的机会，探询他们的身体和社交活动如何依赖于水、能源和空气的循环流通。这座建筑坦率地让管道、导管、电线和格栅成为了视觉和材料生态系统的一部分。
Photography: José Hevia
在南欧的背景下，只有预算高的企业或政府推广建筑采用高科技的可持续解决方案。为了减少环境足迹，项目的低预算策略基于以下设计原则制定：
一、竖向开发减少占地面积：雷吉奥学校没有像90%的学校设计一样采取平铺的建造布局，是一座紧凑的竖向建筑。这一设计决策最大限度地减少了建筑占地面积，优化了建筑对于地基的整体需求，并从根本上降低了立面比例。
Photography: José Hevia
二、减少建设工程量：这座建筑没有覆层、吊顶、抬升的技术楼层、墙衬以及通风立面，仅采用简单的策略或以隔热和机械系统的分布来替换大部分的结构，从而将使用材料总量减少了48%，最终呈现出这座裸露的建筑。运行系统未经修饰的视觉效果，定义出了独特的建筑美学。
三、鲜活的厚围护保温结构：软木围护结构既能够达到保温效果，也支撑了人类以外的物种生存。80%的围护结构外部均覆盖着14.2厘米厚、密度约9700千克/立方米的厚实软木。这种自然化的解决方案由OFFPOLINN为项目度身打造，用在建筑外部垂直和倾斜的部分，保温效果远超马德里当地的规定标准，甚至达到了指标的两倍，即R-23.52。这种被动方式减少了内部供暖所需的50%能耗。除此之外，软木的不规则表面能够积聚有机物质，最终建筑的围护结构将成为多种微生物真菌、植物和动物的栖息地。
Photography: José Hevia
四、更多思考，更少材料：在研究者兼结构工程师Iago González Quelle的主导下，设计团队确立了建筑结构的造型、分析和尺寸，从而让承重墙的厚度平均减少了150毫米以上。总体而言，这意味着建筑结构的隐含能耗减少了33%。
Photography: José Hevia
Andrés Jaque / Office for Political Innovation作为一家国际性的建筑事务所，从事设计、研究和重要的身体—环境实践的融合性工作，在纽约和马德里设有办公室。事务所曾获得弗雷德里克基斯勒建筑与艺术奖、第14届威尼斯双年展——最佳研究项目银狮奖，以及迪奥尼西奥埃尔南德斯吉尔奖。OFFPOLINN的作品被当代艺术博物馆、芝加哥艺术学院等众多机构收藏。
Andrés Jaque是哥伦比亚大学建筑、规划和保护研究生院的院长及教授，并一直在普林斯顿大学和库珀联盟担任客座教授。他的著作包括 Superpowers of Scale (2020)、Mies y la gata Niebla：Ensayos sobre arquitectura y cosmopolítica (2019)、More-Than-Human（与 Marina Otero 和 Lucia Pietroiusti 合作）(2020)、Transmaterial Politics (2017)、Calculable (2016) 和 PHANTOM，Mies as Rendered Society (2013) 等。
Photography: José Hevia
The design of Reggio School is based on the idea that architectural environments can arouse in children a desire for exploration and inquiry. In this way the building is thought of as a complex ecosystem that makes it possible for students to direct their own education through a process of self-driven collective experimentation— following pedagogical ideas that Loris Malaguzzi and parents in the Italian city of Reggio nell’Emilia developed to empwer children’s capacity to deal with unpredictable challenges and potentials.
The design, construction and use of this building is intended to exceed the paradigm of sustainability to engage with ecology as an approach where environmental impact, more-than-human alliances, material mobilization, collective governance and pedagogies intersect through architecture.
Photography: José Hevia
Avoiding homogenization and unified standards, the architecture of the school aims to become a multiverse where the layered complexity of the environment becomes readable and experiential. It operates as an assemblage of different climates, ecosystems, architectural traditions, and regulations. Its vertical progression begins with a ground floor engaged with the terrain, where classrooms for younger students are placed. Stacked on top of this, the higher levels are where students in intermediate classes coexist with reclaimed water and soil tanks that nourish an indoor garden reaching the uppermost levels under a greenhouse structure.
Classrooms for older students are organized around this inner garden, as in a small village. This distribution of uses implies an ongoing maturity process that is translated into the growing capacity of students to explore the school ecosystem on their own and with their peers.
Photography: José Hevia
The second floor, formalized as a large void opened through landscape-scale arches to the surrounding ecosystems, is conceived as the school's main social plaza. Here the architecture encourages teachers and students to participate in school government and to interact with the surrounding landscapes and territories. This 5,000 square-feet central area is over 26-feet high and conceived of as a cosmopolitical agora; a semi-enclosed space crisscrossed by the air tempered by the holm oak trees from the neighboring countryside. A network of ecologists and edaphologists designed small gardens specifically made to host and nurture communities of insects, butterflies, birds and bats. Here, mundane activities like exercising coexist with discussions about how the school is run as a community and what is the way to relate to the neighboring streams and fields. Ultimately, this floor operates as a more-than-human summiting chamber where students and teachers can sense and attune to the ecosystems they are part of.
Photography: José Hevia
As an alternative to architecture's common efforts to hide mechanical systems, here all services are kept visible, so that the flows that keep the building active become an opportunity for students to interrogate how their bodies and social interactions depend on water, energy, and air exchanges and circulations. The building unapologetically allows pipes, conduits, wires and grilles to become part of its visual and material ecosystem.
Photography: José Hevia
In the context of Southern Europe, where high-tech sustainable solutions are only available to high-budgeted, corporate or state-promoted buildings, this building
develops a low budget strategy to reduce its environmental footprint based on the following design principles:
1. Verticality to reduce land occupation. Instead of opting for a horizontally- expanding land-occupation – as is the case for 90% of school designs – Reggio School is a compact vertical building. This design decision minimizes the building's footprint, optimizes the overall need for foundations, and radically reduces its façade rate.
2. Radical reduction of the construction. No claddings, no drop ceilings, no raised technical floors, no wall lining, no ventilated façades are used in this building. The overall amount of material used in the facades, roofs and interior partitions of the building has been reduced by 48% just by replacing a big part of the construction by simple strategies or thermal insulation and mechanical systems distribution. The result presents a naked building where the non-edited visibility of its operating components defines its aesthetics.
3. A thick wrapping of living isolation. Cork wrapping as both thermal isolation and support to more-than-human life. 80% of the envelope of the building is externally covered by a 14.2 cm of projected 9,700 Kg/m3 dense cork. This natural solution, specifically developed by the Office for Political Innovation for this project, is used both in vertical and pitch parts of the building's external volume to provide a thermal isolation of R-23.52, double that what Madrid's regulations require. This adds to the passive 50% reduction of consumed energy when heating of the school's interiors. Beyond this, the irregular surface of the cork projection is designed to allow organic material to accumulate, so that the envelope of the building will eventually become the habitat of numerous forms of microbiological fungi, vegetal and animal life.
4. More thinking, less material. Led by researcher and structural engineer Iago González Quelle, the team has shaped, analyzed and dimensioned the building's structure so that the thickness of loading walls can be reduced an average of more than 150 mm compared to conventional reinforced concrete structures. Overall, this implied a 33% reduction in the embedded energy of the building's structure.
Andrés Jaque / Office for Political Innovation (OFFPOLINN) is an international architectural practice, based in New York and Madrid, working at the intersection of design, research, and critical body-environmental practices. They have been awarded with the Frederick Kiesler Prize for the Architecture and the Arts, the SILVER LION for Best Research Project at the 14th Venice Biennale, and the Dionisio Hernández Gil Award. OFFPOLINN's work is part of the collections of MoMA and the Art Institute of Chicago, among many others.
Andrés Jaque is Dean and Professor of Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation. He has been visiting professor at Princeton University and the Cooper Union. His books include Superpowers of Scale (2020), Mies y la gata Niebla: Ensayos sobre arquitectura y cosmopolítica (2019), More- Than-Human (with Marina Otero and Lucia Pietroiusti) (2020), Transmaterial Politics (2017), Calculable (2016), and PHANTOM, Mies as Rendered Society (2013), among others.
Reggio School
Calle San Enrique de Ossó, 48. El Encinar de los Reyes, 28055 Madrid 59,158.45 sq. ft.
Architects
Andrés Jaque / Office for Political Innovation
Team
Roberto González García, Luis González Cabrera, Alberto Heras, Ismael Medina Manzano, Jesús Meseguer Cortés, Paola Pardo-Castillo, Rajvi Anandpara, Juan David Barreto, Inês Barros, Ludovica Battista, Shubhankar Bhajekar, Elise Durand, Drishti Gandhi, Maria Karagianni, Bansi Mehta, Alessandro Peja, Meeerati Rana, Mishti Shah, Saumil Shanghavi
Structural Engineering
Iago González Quelle, Víctor García Rabadán (Qube Ingeniería de Estructuras)
Services Engineering
Juan Antonio Posadas (JG Ingenieros)
Quantity Survey (Project)
Javier González Nieto, Javier Mach Cestero (Dirtec Arquitectos Técnicos)
Ecology and Edaphology
Jorge Basarrate, Álvaro Mingo (Mingobasarrate)
Project Management
Ángel David Moreno Casero, Carlos Peñalver Álvarez, Almudena Antón Vélez
Photography
José Hevia
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