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专业英语学习分享 第一周

2022-09-22 21:26 作者:史学导论  | 我要投稿

因为是个人学习笔记整理,可能存在部分错误,欢迎指出。以及本专栏建议网页端阅读。

1. 

    Chapter 1 Introduction to descriptive physical oceanography

    第一章 描述性物理海洋学导论

    Chapter 2 Ocean dimension, shapes, and bottom materials

    第二章 海洋的量纲,形状以及底部构成

    Chapter 3 Physical properties of seawater

    第三章 海水的物理性质

    Chapter 4 Typical distribution of water characteristics

    第四章 海水特征的典型分布

    Chapter 5 Mass, salt and heat budgets

    第五章 (海洋的)质量,盐度,热收支

    Chapter 6 Data analysis concepts and observational methods

    第六章 数据分析的概念以及海洋观测的方法

 

    重点单词:

        dimension量纲,维度

        property特性(更多指的是海水的固有特性,如温盐密)

        characteristic(特征)

        feature(更多是指表现出的特性,如赤道和寒带海水表现出的特性不同)

        budget收支

        data数据,datum的复数形式

2. 

    Some reasons for us to learn physical oceanography:  

    一些学习物理海洋学的理由

    (1)There are many reasons for developing our knowledge of the ocean. Near-shore currents and waves affect navigation and construction of piers, breakwaters, and other coastal structures.

    (1)有很多的理由来发展我们对于海洋的知识,近岸的流和浪会影响导航、防波堤及码头的建设,以及其他沿岸建筑。

    (2)The large heat capacity of the oceans exerts a significant and in some cases a controlling effect on the earth’s climate.

    (2)拥有着巨大热容量的海洋对地球的气候有着重大意义,在某些情况下对地球气候有着控制性的影响。

 

    重点单词

        Near-shore近岸的

        navigation航行,导航

        pier码头

        breakwater防波堤

        heat capacity热容量

        along shore current沿岸流

        cross shore current离岸流

        statistic significance统计学上有效性

 

3. 

    (3)The ocean and atmosphere interact on short to long timescales; for example, the El Nin ̃o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon that, although driven locally in the tropical Pacific, affects climate on timescales of several years over much of the world.

    (3)海洋与大气的互相作用在从短到长的时间尺度上;例如,厄尔尼诺现象,尽管这只是由当地的热带太平洋所驱动,但在时间尺度上将影响全世界的大多数地方好几年。


    重点单词:

        timescale时间尺度

        spacescale空间尺度

        driven往往翻译成驱动

        tropical Pacific热带太平洋

        ENSO厄尔尼诺与南方涛动

        tropical热带

        subtropical副热带

        subpolar副极地

        polar极地

        Low-latitude低纬度

        High-latitude高纬度

        Mid-latitude中纬度

 

4. 

    (4)To understand these interactions it is necessary to understand the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. To understand the coupled system, it is first necessary to have a solid base of knowledge about both the ocean and atmosphere separately.
    (4)为了了解这一相互作用,那么了解大气海洋耦合系统是必不可少的。为了了解这一耦合系统,首先必须分别对海洋和大气都有一个坚实的知识基础。


    重点单词

        Interaction互相作用

        The coupled ocean-atmosphere system大气海洋耦合系统

        separately 分别的

 

5. 

    Ocean’s motion and water properties:

    海洋运动及海水特性:

    (1)In these and many other applications, knowledge of the ocean’s motion and water properties is essential.

    (1)在这些和许多其他的应用当中,了解海洋运动及海水特性是必要的。

    (2)This includes the major ocean currents that circulate continuously but with fluctuating velocity and position, the variable coastal currents, the rise and fall of the tides, and the waves generated by winds or earthquakes.
(2)这部分内容包含主要的海洋环流,持续环流着,但是伴随着振动的流速和位置(这里的意思意译的话其实是:海流持续流动着,但是它的流速和位置会存在小的波动),变化的沿岸流,潮汐的涨落,以及由风和地震所引起的浪

     

    重点单词

        ocean’s motion海洋运动

        fluctuating velocity振动流速

        velocity流速

        coastal current沿岸流

        variable作名词:变量

 

6. 

    (3)Temperature and salt content determine density and hence vertical movement. They also affect horizontal movement as the density affects the horizontal pressure distribution.

    (3)(海水的)温度和盐度含量将决定海水的密度,并且影响垂向运动。与此同时他们也会影响水平运动,因为密度会影响水平压强分布。

    (4)Sea ice has its own full set of processes and is important for navigation, ocean circulation, and climate.

    (4)海冰有自己的一整套过程,对于导航,海洋环流和气候是很重要的。

    (5) Other dissolved substances such as oxygen, nutrients, and other chemical species, and even some of the biological aspects such as chlorophyll content, are used in the study of ocean physics.

    (5)其他的溶解物质,例如氧气、营养盐和其他化学成分,甚至一些生物方面(的因素),如叶绿素含量都被用于物理海洋研究。

 

    重点单词

        density密度

        salt content盐含量,即salinity,盐度

        horizontal movement水平运动

        vertical movement垂向运动

        ocean circulation海洋环流

        dissolved substance 溶解物质

        nutrient营养盐

        chlorophyll content叶绿素含量

 

7. 

    1.2 Space and timescales of physical oceanographic phenomena

    1.2物理海洋学现象的时间和空间尺度。

    The ocean is a fluid in constant motion with a very large range of spatial and temporal scales. 

    海洋是一种持续运动的流体,具有非常大的空间和时间尺度范围。

    The Gulf Stream is the western boundary current of the permanent, large-scale clockwise gyre circulation of the subtropical North Atlantic.

    墨西哥湾流是北大西洋副热带永久性、大规模顺时针环流的西边界流。

 

    重点单词:

        spatial and temporal scale时空尺度

        temporal短暂的

        The gulf stream湾流

        The western boundary current西边界流

        clockwise顺时针的,反义词

        anti-clockwise逆时针

        gyre流涡

        The subtropical north Atlantic北大西洋副热带

        permanent永久的

        Kuroshio黑潮

 

8. 

    Description about the Gulf Stream: Its strength and temperature contrast decay eastward. Its large meanders and rings, with spatial scales of approximately 100 km, are considered mesoscale (eddy) variability evolving on timescales of weeks. The satellite image also shows the general decrease in surface temperature toward the north and a large amount of small-scale eddy variability.

    关于湾流的描述:它的强度和温度向东对比是衰减的。(与此同时)它的大弯道和环(这里实在不知道怎么翻译),空间尺度约为100公里,在几周的时间尺度上,被认为是中尺度的(涡流)变化。卫星图像显示海水表面温度向北普遍降低,以及大量的小尺度涡旋变动。

     

    重点单词

        meander蜿蜒曲折

        mesoscale中尺度

        variability变动

        eddy涡旋

 

9.        

    The space and timescales of many of the important physical oceanography processes are shown schematically in Figure 1.2. At the smallest scale is molecular mixing. At small, macroscopic scales of centimeters, microstructure (vertical layering at the centimeter level) and capillary waves occur.

    许多重要的物理海洋过程的时间和空间尺度被展示在图1.2。最小尺度的是分子混合。在小尺度,厘米级肉眼可见尺度,微结构(厘米尺度的垂向层化)和毛细波发生。

 

    重点单词

        schematically:图解地

        molecular mixing:分子混合

        macroscopic scale:肉眼可见的尺度

        microsturcture:微结构

        capillary wave:毛细波

        Internal wave内波


10. 

    At the slightly larger scale of meters surface waves are found, which have rapid timescales and somewhat long-lived vertical layers (fine structure). At scales of tens of meters are the internal waves with timescales of up to a day. Tides have the same timescales as internal waves, but much larger spatial scales of hundreds to thousands of kilometers.

    在稍大的米尺度上,发现了表面波,其具有很短的时间尺度和有点长寿命的垂直层(精细尺度)。在几十米的尺度上是内波,具有长达一天的时间尺度。潮汐和内波具有相同的时间尺度,但是有更大的空间尺度,几百甚至上千千米。

 

    重点单词

        fine structure:介于microstructure and mesoscale 之间的尺度

        internal wave:内波

        Surface wave表面波

        Gravity wave重力波

        Fine-scale精细尺度10m-100km,一般为内波尺度

        Micro-scale微尺度  10m以下尺度

 

11. 

    Mesoscale eddies and strong ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream are found at spatial scales of tens of kilometers to several hundred kilometers and timescales of weeks to years. The large-scale ocean circulation has a spatial scale the size of ocean basins up to the global ocean and a timescale ranging from seasonal to permanent, which is the timescale of plate tectonics that rearranges the ocean boundaries. 

    微尺度涡旋和强劲的海洋环流例如湾流,在几十千米到几百千米的空间尺度和几周到几年的时间尺度上被发现。大尺度的海洋环流具有海盆规模甚至全球海洋的空间尺度和季节性到永久性的时间尺度,这一永久性是指重新排列海洋边界的板块构造的时间尺度。

 

    重点单词:

        ocean basin:洋盆

        seasonal to permanent:从季节性到永久性

        plate tectonic:板块构造

        the ocean boundary:海洋边界

        eddy涡旋,一般尺度较大

        vortex涡旋,一般尺度较小

 

 


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