【简译】卡迭石（Kadesh）

2023-10-25 17:38 作者:神尾智代 0人读过 | 我要投稿

Kadesh was a city in the region of Syria and an important center of trade in the ancient world. It is probably best known as the site of the famous battle between Pharaoh Rameses II (The Great, 1279-1213 BCE) of Egypt and King Muwatalli II (1295-1272 BCE) of the Hittite Empire in 1274 BCE.

卡迭石是古叙利亚地区的一座城市，也是古代世界重要的贸易中心之一。公元前 1274 年，埃及法老拉美西斯二世（公元前 1279-1213 年）与赫梯帝国国王穆瓦塔里二世（公元前 1295-1272 年）在此进行了著名的战役，卡迭石因此而闻名于世。

The Battle of Kadesh is the most thoroughly documented military engagement of ancient times in the Middle East with both antagonists claiming a decisive victory. For centuries the account given by Rameses II in his Poem of Pentaur and Bulletin (the two Egyptian sources we have for the battle) of a great Egyptian victory at Kadesh was taken as literal truth. Today, however, most historians regard these sources as more propaganda than an honest account of the events and the Battle of Kadesh is believed to have ended in a draw.

卡迭石战役是古代中东地区记载最详尽的军事交战，交战双方都声称取得了决定性胜利。几个世纪以来，拉美西斯二世在他的《Poem of Pentaur》和《Bulletin》（我们所掌握的关于这场战役的两份埃及资料）中关于埃及人在卡迭石大获全胜的描述一直被视为事实。然而，今天大多数历史学家认为这些资料更多的是出于宣传目的，而不是对事件的真实描述，卡迭石战役也被认为以平局告终。

西奈半岛东北部的Tell el-Qudeirat遗址被认为是最好的卡迭石候选地点

战役背景

The Hittites had long been making incursions into Egypt and had caused considerable trouble for the Pharaoh Thutmose III (1458-1425 BCE). Kadesh had been taken and held by the Egyptians under Seti I but the Hittites had reclaimed and fortified it. Ramesses II resolved to take lasting measures against the Hittites and drive them from his borders. A central advantage to be achieved in this campaign was the capture of Kadesh which, as noted, was a great center of commerce at the time. Reclaiming Kadesh would not only give Egypt free access to a hub of trade but would also enlarge the borders of Egypt's empire which had been greatly expanded under Thutmose III.

赫梯人长期以来一直攻击埃及领土，给法老图特摩斯三世（公元前 1458-1425 年）的统治带来了不小的麻烦。法老塞提一世统治时期，埃及人曾攻占卡迭石，但赫梯人夺回并加固了该地。拉美西斯二世决心对赫梯人采取持久性策略，将他们赶出埃及边境。如前所述，卡迭石是当时一个重要的商业中心。夺回卡迭石不仅能让埃及自由进入贸易中心，还能扩大图特摩斯三世统治下的埃及王国的疆域。

Ramesses II (or, according to some scholars, his father Seti I) had commissioned a great city to be built in the Eastern Delta which Ramesses II named Per-Ramesses ("House of Ramesses" but also given as "City of Ramesses") which was part pleasure palace and part military industrial complex. The city had a number of factories manufacturing weapons, training grounds for men, horses, and chariots, and other industries producing necessary supplies for military expeditions.

拉美西斯二世（或根据一些学者的说法，他的父亲塞提一世）曾下令在埃及东部三角洲建造一座大城，拉美西斯二世将其命名为 Per-Ramesses（“拉美西斯之家”，但也被称为“拉美西斯城”），它既是一座享乐宫殿，也是一座军事工业综合体。这座城市有许多制造武器的工厂，人员、马匹和战车的训练场，以及生产军事远征所需物资的其他设施。

In 1275 BCE, Ramesses II prepared his army to move and waited only for the interpretation of omens as auspicious to launch his forces. In 1274 BCE, the omens received, he drove his chariot through the gates of Per-Ramesses at the head of over 20,000 men divided into four divisions. He led the Amun division himself with the Re, Ptah, and Set divisions following.

公元前 1275 年，拉美西斯二世整军待发，只等着预兆被解释为吉兆时（埃及军队采取行动之前，人们预计会出现一些吉祥的预兆），他就可以出兵了。公元前 1274 年，预兆出现，他率领两万多人分成四个师，驾驶战车穿过佩尔拉美西斯城门。法老亲自率领阿蒙师（Amun是一位古埃及主神，埃及文转写为ἰmn，意为“隐藏者”（也拼作“Amon”）。他是八元神（Ogdoad）之一，配偶是姆特。太阳神拉的名字有时会与阿蒙的名字结合起来，特别是在他作为“众神之王”的时候。在埃及，天堂的统治权属于太阳神，而阿蒙就是最高神，因此从逻辑上说，阿蒙就是拉（Ra）。阿蒙被称作“王座与两陆之王”，或者被更骄傲地称作“众神之王”），拉师（Ra，也拼作Rah、Rē，是古埃及太阳神。从第五王朝（公元前2494年至公元前2345年）开始，成为古埃及神话中最重要的神，被看作是白天的太阳）、赛特师（Set，也作Seth，Setekh等，又名西德，在埃及神话中最初是力量之神，战神，风暴之神，沙漠之神以及外陆之神）和普塔师（Ptah是古埃及孟斐斯地区所信仰的造物神，而后演变成工匠与艺术家的保护者，形象为一木乃伊，他的妻子是赛克迈特）紧随其后。

卡迭石战役

In his haste to engage the enemy, Ramesses II drove his division so quickly that he soon outdistanced the rest of his army. He made a further mistake in believing the reports of two captured bedouins who told him that the Hittite king feared the might of the young pharaoh and had withdrawn from the area.

拉美西斯二世急于与敌军交战，率领本部快速前进，很快就超过了其他部队。他还犯了一个错误，就是相信了两名被俘的贝都因人的报告，他们告诉他赫梯国王害怕这位年轻法老的实力，已经从该地区撤走了。

In reality, the Hittite army was close at hand and, once Ramesses II again began his march, he was ambushed. Two captured Hittite spies then revealed the truth of Ramesses II's situation and the pharaoh understood he had no choice but to fight his way out of the trap he had allowed himself to walk into.

实际上，赫梯军队已经近在咫尺，拉美西斯二世一开始行军，就遭到了伏击。两名被俘的赫梯间谍随后揭露了拉美西斯二世的真实处境，法老明白自己别无选择，只能奋力一搏，摆脱自己陷入的陷阱。

The confusion of the battle is attested to in Ramesses II's accounts, the Poem of Pentaur and the Bulletin in which he relates how the Amun division was overrun by the Hittites and the lines were broken, the division separated. The Hittite cavalry was cutting down the Egyptian infantry and survivors were scrambling for the supposed safety of the Egyptian camp.

拉美西斯二世在《Pentaur Poem》和《Bulletin》中记述了这场战役的混乱情况，他在其中讲述了阿蒙师如何被赫梯人碾压，战线被冲断，师团分离。赫梯骑兵在砍杀埃及步兵，幸存下来的人正在努力确保所谓埃及营地的安全。

Recognizing his situation, Ramesses II called upon his protector god, Amun, and reorganized his forces. Egyptologist Margaret Bunson describes how Ramesses II "brought calm and purpose to his small units and began to slice his way through the enemy in order to reach his southern forces" (131). He held the remains of his meager troops together through the force of his own character and the power of his position as pharaoh and commander-in-chief. Bunson continues:

With only his household troops, with a few officers and followers, and with the rabble of the defeated units standing by, he mounted his chariot and discovered the extent of the forces against him. He then charged the eastern wing of the assembled foe with such ferocity that they gave way, allowing the Egyptians to escape the net which Muwatalli had cast for them. (131)

认识到自己的处境后，拉美西斯二世召唤了他的保护神阿蒙神，并重组了部队。埃及学家玛格丽特·本森（Margaret Bunson）描述了拉美西斯二世是如何“让小型军事部队保持稳定，并分配目标，开始突破敌军以靠拢南部的军队”（131）。拉美西斯二世凭借自己坚强的性格以及作为法老和总司令的地位，将残存的部队团结在一起。本森继续探讨这个问题如下：

他只带着自己的侍卫部队、几名将领和随从，以及重新集结调动的部队。他登上战车，观察敌人的兵力。然后，他向集结起来的敌人的东翼发起了猛烈的进攻，敌人被击退了，埃及人得以逃脱穆瓦塔里为他们布下的天罗地网。(131)

Ramesses II had turned the tide of battle just as the Ptah division arrived on the field.

拉美西斯二世刚刚扭转战局，普塔师就赶到了战场。

The Ptah division, with Ramesses II leading them, then drove the Hittite forces toward the Orontes River where many of them drowned. At this point in the battle, the Egyptian forces were caught between the Hittites at the river and the reserve forces Muwatalli II still had at his disposal in the fortified city of Kadesh. Why the Hittite king did not make use of his advantage is unknown but, for whatever reason, Muwatalli II refused to deploy his forces and "watched the cream of his command fall before Ramesses, including his own brother" (Bunson, 131). Ramesses II pressed his advantage and led his forces in a furious charge.

随后，由拉美西斯二世率领的普塔师将赫梯军队赶向奥龙特斯河，许多赫梯人在河中被淹死。此时，埃及军队被河边的赫梯部队和穆瓦塔里二世在坚固的卡迭石城中的后备部队夹击。赫梯国王为何没有利用他的优势不得而知，但不管出于什么原因，穆瓦塔里二世都没有将他的前线部队部署在合适的位置，“眼睁睁地看着他的精锐部队倒在拉美西斯王面前，包括他自己的兄弟”（Bunson，131 页）。拉美西斯二世乘胜追击，率领部队发起了猛烈的冲锋。

With the Hittites drowning in the river and being slaughtered on the banks, Ramesses II turned his forces about and, making full use of his advantage in the light Egyptian chariot, drove the Hittites from the field. Ramesses II then claimed a great victory for Egypt in that he had defeated his enemy in battle. Muwatalli II, however, also claimed victory in that he had not lost Kadesh.

赫梯军队淹没在河中，在河岸上被屠杀殆尽，拉美西斯二世调转兵锋，充分利用埃及战车轻便的优势，将赫梯人赶出战场。随后，拉美西斯二世宣称他在战场上击败了敌人，为埃及赢得了一场伟大的胜利。然而，穆瓦塔里二世也取得了胜利，因为他没有失去卡迭石城。

结语

The significance of the battle, aside from being the victory Rameses II seemed most proud of, is that it eventually led to the first peace treaty in the history of the world signed between the Hittite and Egyptian Empires in 1258 BCE. Among the stipulations was that "persons of rank or importance would be returned to their own rulers if they tried to flee from one territory to the other in order to escape punishment for crimes" (Bunson, 87). This meant that countries would cooperate in returning fugitives of noble status instead of assisting them in organizing a coup against a sitting ruler, a common practice in many different civilizations of antiquity.

这场战役的意义除了是拉美西斯二世似乎最引以为豪的胜利之外，还在于它最终导致赫梯帝国和埃及帝国于公元前 1258 年签订了世界历史上第一个国际和平条约。条约中规定，“如果有高级士兵或担任重要职务的平民，为逃避因所犯罪行而受到惩罚而试图从一个地区逃往另一个地区，他们将被引渡回国”（Bunson，87 页）。这意味着各国将合作遣返身份高贵的逃亡者，而不是协助他们组织针对在位统治者的政变，这是古代许多不同文明的普遍做法。

The Treaty of Kadesh was not only the world's first peace treaty but also the first time on record that such a stipulation was made in any kind of treaty. The much earlier treaty from Mesoptamia in 2550 BCE, often cited today as the world's first peace treaty, and known as The Treaty of Mesilim, is not actually a `peace treaty' but rather a Treaty of Delimination which marks borders or boundaries instead of agreeing on terms for peace between nations.

《卡迭石合约》不仅是世界上第一个和平条约，也是有记录以来第一次在任何类型的条约中做出这样的规定。公元前 2550 年，美索不达米亚地区签订了一份更早的条约，今天人们经常把它称为世界上第一份和平条约，即《麦西里姆条约》（The Treaty of Mesilim，美索不达米亚两个国家拉加什和乌玛于公元前25世纪签订的），但它实际上并不是一份“和平条约”，而是一份“划界条约”（Treaty of Delimination），它标记的是边界或疆界，而不是商定国家间和平的条件。

The Treaty of Kadesh is recognized as the world's first actual peace treaty and set the stage for relations between Egypt and the Hittites until the fall of the Hittie Empire in c. 1200 BCE. Instead of warring with each other, the Egyptians and Hitties opened trade relations and exchanged technological and agricultural expertise which improved the lives of the people of both nations.

《卡迭石合约》被认为是世界上第一个真正意义上的国际和平条约，它为埃及与赫梯人之间的关系奠定了基础，直到约公元前 1200 年赫梯帝国灭亡。埃及人和赫梯人不再相互征战，而是建立了贸易关系，交流技术和农业专门知识，改善了两国人民的生活。